Abstract—In the present work, the alloy of Bismuth-lead is prepared on the basis of percentage of molecular weight 9:1, 5:5 and 1:9 ratios and grown by ZoneRefining Technique under a vacuum atmosphere. The EDAX of these samples are done and the results are reported. Micro hardness test has been used as an alternative test for measuring material’s tensile properties. The effect of temperature an...

Abstract In chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) for IC fabrication, porous pads are critical achieving extremely consistent throughput in CMP process. The pad hardness, porosity of pad, and pore sizes the thermoplastic polyurethanes foam fabrication procedure determine properties pads. This paper aims to develop a methodology modeling macro micro hardness. IC1000 has been analyzed with develope...

Abstract: Austenitic stainless steels exhibit a low hardness and weak tribological properties. The wear behaviour of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 was evaluated through the pin on disc tribological method. For investigating the effect of wear on the changes in microstructure and resistance to wear, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope were used. The hardness of the worn...

In this thesis I explore challenging discrete energy minimization problems that arise mainly in the context of computer vision tasks. This work motivates the use of such “hard-to-optimize” non-submodular functionals, and proposes methods and algorithms to cope with the NP-hardness of their optimization. Consequently, this thesis revolves around two axes: applications and approximations. The app...