Precipitation-type forecasting is the determination of when and where particular types of precipitation (e.g., snow, rain, ice pellets, freezing rain) will occur during a forecast period. Although much is already known about the physical processes that determine the type of precipitation that reaches the ground, these forecasts are very challenging for most forecasters because of inadequate atm...

MANY of the dreams or presentiments of the early scientists are now coming true every day. The dreams of the alchemists are now almost within the realization of modern chemistry. The gropings of the early biologists are almost within reach of present-day experimental embryology, and so on practically in every science; at first a presentiment, "a hunch," which can not be substantiated by any sci...

Navier-Stokes equations with anisotropic viscosity are classical in geophysical fluid dynamics. Instead of choosing a classical viscosity −ν(∂ 1 + ∂ 2 2 + ∂ 2 3) in the case of three-dimensional fluids, meteorologists often modelize turbulent flows by putting a viscosity of the form −νh(∂ 2 1 + ∂ 2 2) − νv∂ 2 3 , where νv is usually much smaller than νh and thus can be neglected (see Chapter 4 ...

In the nineteenth-century globalizing world of colonial expansion and maritime trade, systematic study of ocean currents and winds became of increased concern in various seafaring nations. Both naval officers and university professors engaged in maritime meteorological and hydrographic research. In order to attract the attention of the state and obtain support for establishment of national scie...

Meteorological satellite data and images have been operationally utilized in weather services for more than 30 years. Since the inception of weather forecasting based on satellite remote sensed data, meteorologists have faced the challenge of using this tool to minimize the potential damage caused during adverse weather conditions by collecting and analyzing these images. Based on this analysis...

A collaborative team of meteorologists and data mining experts conducted a case study to detect and classify mesocyclone signatures in WSR-88D radar data using mining techniques. Radar data for May 6, 1994 and May 11, 1992 from Norman and Tulsa, Oklahoma was used in this case study. Two Mesocyclone Detection Algorithms (MDA) were used in this study. One (NSSL MDA) is a computationally optimized...

Some meteorological phenomena in South America develop quickly and take on large dimensions. These cause disasters for aviation, such as incidents accidents. Mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) forced a commercial airplane into an emergency landing at Ezeiza International Airport Buenos Aires (Argentina) October 2018. The took off from São Paulo (Brazil) to Santiago (Chile) had alternate afte...

The history of satellite remote sensing nighttime lights traces it is roots back the U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) which began flying polar orbiting satellites with cloud imaging sensors in 1970’s. meteorologists found that they could improve weather predictions visible and thermal band imagery. channels on early DMSP worked well daytime—but were unable to see c...

Abstract Using features based on correlation or noncausal dependence metrics can lead to false conclusions. However, recent research has shown that applying causal inference theory in conjunction with Bayesian networks large-sample-size data accurately attribute synoptic anomalies. Focusing the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), this study adopts a approach model averaging investigate causation ...

Flash floods are a major weather-related risk, as they cause more than 5000 fatalities annually, according to the World Meteorological Organization. Quantitative Precipitation Estimation is method used approximate rainfall over locations where direct field observations not available. It represents one of most valuable information employed by meteorologists and hydrologists for issuing early war...