The service robot that carries out tasks ordered by the users through speech needs a vision system to recognize the objects appearing in the orders and a speech interface for natural communication with the user. The user’s order may be explicit or implicit. The speech interfaces should have a capability of dealing with explicit as well as implicit utterances. In this paper, we present ‘how envi...

This article presents a method of the rough estimation of geographical coordinates of villages and cities, which is described in the 19th-Century geographical encyclopedia entitled: “The Geographical Dictionary of the Polish Kingdom and Other Slavic Countries” [18]. Described are the algorithm function for estimating location, the tools used to acquire and process necessary information, and the...

We examined the contents of language-mediated prediction in toddlers by investigating the extent to which toddlers are sensitive to visual shape representations of upcoming words. Previous studies with adults suggest limits to the degree to which information about the visual form of a referent is predicted during language comprehension in low constraint sentences. Toddlers (30-month-olds) heard...

Caffeine, a purine alkaloid, is a key component of many popular drinks, most notably tea and coffee, yet most plant scientists know little about its biochemistry and molecular biology. A gene from tea leaves encoding caffeine synthase, an N-methyltransferase that catalyses the last two steps of caffeine biosynthesis, has been cloned and the recombinant enzyme produced in E. coli. Similar genes ...