Abstract Autoreactive CD4+ T cells broadly exist in healthy individuals and potentially cause autoimmune diseases; however, why they can escape from thymic negative selection is still controversial. We observed that the activity of DM, a peptide epitope editor MHC class II antigen presentation pathway, differentially regulated different presenting (APC). It high cTEC involved cortical positive ...

In 1959, experiments were begun to provide a more physiological and permanent pacemaker for chronic heart block by placing an autotransplant of either adrenal medulla or thyroid gland into the ventricular myocardium of dogs with complete heart block. The original concept was that the small area of myocardium surrounding the endocrine transplant would be stimulated by relatively high local conce...

An intracranial germinoma is a tumor that is sensitive to radiotherapy. As medulla oblongata germinomas are extremely rare, determining an accurate preoperative diagnosis is challenging. Two cases of medulla oblongata lesions were surgically treated, and a postoperative diagnosis of germinoma was determined in both of the cases. The tumor in one patient completely resolved after a treatment cou...

A specific cell column was examined anatomically, which was located closely medial to the nucleus of the spinal root of the trigeminal nerve of the medulla oblongata in two sperm whales and a pygmy sperm whale. This cell column was observed extending at the level from the obex to the uppermost medulla in the sperm whale and at the level of the middle one third of the medulla oblongata in the py...

Rehabilitation from medulla oblongata injury is extremely rare. We found a case with injury from medulla oblongata to spinal cord C3, which was manifested in sensor and motion loss, gatism and a short-time conscious disturbance. Due to the incomplete injury, the rehabilitation was successful while the gatism was completely recovered and most sensorimotor function regained. This patient was diag...

A 49-year-old man presented with symptomatic cavernous malformation in the ventrolateral portion of the medulla oblongata manifesting as left-sided numbness and gait disturbance. Neurological examination disclosed sensory disturbance on the left, cerebellar ataxia, nystagmus, dysphagia, and right hypoglossal nerve paresis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cavernous malformation with hemorr...

The shared organization of three optic lobe neuropils-the lamina, medulla, and lobula-linked by chiasmata has been used to support arguments that insects and malacostracans are sister groups. However, in certain insects, the lobula is accompanied by a tectum-like fourth neuropil, the lobula plate, characterized by wide-field tangential neurons and linked to the medulla by uncrossed axons. The i...

Neurons in the caudalmost ventrolateral medulla (cmVLM) respond to noxious stimulation. We previously have shown most efferent projections from this locus project to areas implicated either in the processing or modulation of pain. Here we show the cmVLM of the rat receives projections from superficial laminae of the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) and has neurons activated with capsaicin injections...

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) produces respiratory-related sympathetic overactivity and hypertension in rats. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the enhanced central respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity after CIH also decreases the sympathoinhibitory component of baroreflex of rats, which may contribute to the development of hypertension. Wistar rats were exposed to CIH...

Investigators have demonstrated pressor areas in the medullas of various species. The present study precisely localized the pressor area in the caudal medulla of the rat and determined its projections to the caudal and rostral ventrolateral medulla. The caudal medulla first was mapped grossly in rats with injections (30 nl) of glutamate (30-, 15-, and 7.5-nmol doses) placed 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm...