BACKGROUND There is a lack of knowledge on the primary and secondary static stabilizing functions of the posterior oblique ligament (POL), the proximal and distal divisions of the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL), and the meniscofemoral and meniscotibial portions of the deep medial collateral ligament (MCL). HYPOTHESIS Identification of the primary and secondary stabilizing funct...

Clinical, arthrographic, and arthroscopic findings in 53 patients with acutely torn anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLs) were documented. Arthroscopy and instability tests under anesthesia were performed on all patients within 2 weeks after the initial injury. Twenty-three patients complained of extension blocks, and localized tenderness on the medial side was revealed in 26 patients at the initi...

Medial elbow pain is uncommon when compared with lateral elbow pain.Medial epicondylitis is an uncommon diagnosis and can be confused with other sources of pain.Overhead throwers and workers lifting heavy objects are at increased risk of medial elbow pain.Differential diagnosis includes ulnar nerve disorders, cervical radiculopathy, injured ulnar collateral ligament, altered distal triceps anat...

The knee joint The knee joint is a hinge type joint made up of the thigh bone (femur) and the shin bone (tibia). The knee joint has ligaments on the inside and the outside of the joint, (medial collateral ligament and lateral collateral ligament) and ligaments inside the joint itself, (anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate ligament). The joint surfaces are covered in cartilage and the cartil...