Steady state human locomotion at level ground needs compensatory energy input against impulsive energy loss during heel strike. Ground push-off by the stance leg right before the onset of double support phase appeared to be four times energy efficient than the an active hip torque generation during the swing phase [1]. However, if there is biomechanical constraint applied to the maximum allowab...

This study aimed to determine whether subject-specific individual muscle models for the ankle plantar flexors could be obtained from single joint isometric and isovelocity maximum torque measurements in combination with a model of plantar flexion. Maximum plantar flexion torque measurements were taken on one subject at six knee angles spanning full flexion to full extension. A planar three-segm...

It is unclear whether gender differences in the relative strength of the upper and lower body are due to differences in muscle mass distribution or dissimilarity of use. There is also controversy as to whether prolonged resistance training increases strength per unit cross-sectional area (CSA). To help resolve these questions, maximum isometric torque per unit muscle and bone (M+B) CSA was meas...

Magnetomotive force (mmf) Magnetomotive force is the flux producing ability of an electric current in a magnetic circuit. [It is something similar to electromotive force in an electric circuit]. [Unit of magnetomotive force is ampere (A)] Note: Although some books use the term ampere-turns, it is strictly not correct as turns is not a dimension] mmf I = Σ I Consider a coil having N turns as sho...

background: reusing orthodontic mini-screws would reduce treatment cost and lead to more use of mini-screws and improvement of orthodontic treatments. this study has assessed the effects of reprocessing and reusing the titanium mini-screws on their maximum insertion, removal and fracture torque (ft). materials and methods: in this experimental study, 20 titanium mini-screws (1.6-mm × 8-mm) were...

In this study the torque output of intermittently stimulated paralyzed human knee extensor muscles during imposed isokinetic cyclical lower leg movements was investigated in four paraplegic subjects. During prolonged (10 min) experiments the influence of knee angular velocity and stimulation parameters on fatigue-induced torque decline was studied. Pulse width and amplitude were set to obtain m...

background: primary stability is an important factor for the clinical success of orthodontic mini-screws. the present study made an attempt to evaluate the effect of insertion angle changes on the maximum insertion and removal torque of orthodontic mini-screws. materials and methods: in this experimental study, 72 mini-screws (dual top anchor system, jeil, 1.6 mm diameter, 8 mm length) were use...

Traditional construction machinery has the disadvantages of low energy efficiency and poor emissions, which do not meet requirements environmentally friendly industrial development. Electric attracted more attention because its advantages zero emissions high efficiency, are considered to be important factors in future development machinery. Preliminary attempts introduce electric motors into us...