Objectives: It is important to note that until now most of the Japanese government services for maternal welfare and child-rearing are for mothers of first children. However, as the number of children increases, the burden of care increases. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the factors that affect child-rearing uneasiness of mothers with their first child and those with two or more chil...

Parental care promotes offspring survival and, for livestock species, this care is provided solely by the mother. Maternal behaviour in the sheep has been exceptionally well-studied compared with other species and many of the underpinning biological processes leading to the expression of maternal care are known. In this review the current state of play with regard to the biology of maternal car...

background: as one of the main criteria of health outcomes, maternal mortality indicates the socioeconomic development level of countries. the present study aimed at identifying and analyzing the effective factors on maternal mortality in eastern mediterranean region (emr) of the world health organization (who).   methods: analytical model was developed based on the literature review. panel dat...

reduction in maternal mortality requires an in-depth knowledge of the causes of death. this study was conducted to explore the circumstances and events leading to maternal mortality through a holistic approach. using narrative text analysis, all documents related to maternal deaths occurred from 2007 to 2011 in kerman province/iran were reviewed thoroughly by an expert panel. a 93-item chart ab...

background an effective emergency referral transport system is the link between the home of the pregnant woman and a health facility providing basic or comprehensive emergency obstetric care. this study attempts to explore the role of emergency transport associated with maternal deaths in unnao district, uttar pradesh (up).   methods a descriptive study was carried out to assess the causes of a...

Animal welfare (sometimes termed "well-being") is about feelings - states such as "suffering" or "contentment" that we can infer but cannot measure directly. Welfare indices have been developed from two main sources: studies of suffering humans, and of research animals deliberately subjected to challenges known to affect emotional state. We briefly review the resulting indices here, and discuss...

Defining the activity patterns and social relationships of animals can provide valuable information related to animal welfare. Bottlenose dolphins under professional care engage in a variety solitary activities, which may be influenced by conspecifics, time day, maternal behaviors. This study examined social, solitary, behaviors eight at one zoological facility. Data about behaviors, nursing oc...

This paper evaluates the effects of maternal time inputs and alternative providers’ time inputs on children’s cognitive development using the sample of single mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. In order to deal with the selection problem that arises because of unobserved heterogeneity of mothers and children, we develop a model of mother’s employment and child-care decisions....

Circulating concentrations of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and a related amino terminal fragment (NTproCNP) were measured at weekly intervals from preconception to 3 wk postpartum in ewes with twins (n = 8) and nonpregnant ewes (n = 8). In contrast to low and stable values in nonpregnant ewes (CNP, 0.75 +/- 0.08; NTproCNP, 22 +/- 2 pmol/liter), CNP forms increased abruptly at 40-50 d of ges...

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is one indicator in describing the welfare of society a country. MMR Indonesia 2020 has increased compared to 2019. In 2019, East Java Province reached 89.81 per 100,000 live births. This figure will increase 98.39 An important issue Malang Regency related maternal and child health high MMR. Preeclampsia 3rd largest case along with cases infection postpartum bleedi...