Denial of Service attacks have become one of the most serious threats to the Internet community. An effective means to defend against such attacks is to locate the attack source(s) and to isolate it from the rest of the network. This paper proposes an adaptive packet marking scheme for IP traceback, which supports two types of marking, namely source router id marking and domain id marking. For ...

Across languages of the world, some grammatical patterns have been argued to be more common than expected by chance. These are sometimes referred to as (statistical) language universals. One such universal is the correlation between constituent order freedom and the presence of a case system in a language. Here, we explore whether this correlation can be explained by a bias to balance productio...

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not Japanese children with specific language impairment (henceforth; SLI) would in fact experience difficulty with grammatical case-marking. The participants were 10 Japanese children with SLI, aged 7;7 to 11;4, and 25 Japanese children with typical language development (henceforth; TLD), aged 8;11 to 9;11. In this study, a sentence comple...

Distributed denial-of-service attack is one of the greatest threats to the Internet today. One of the biggest diiculties in defending against this attack is that attackers always use incorrect, or \spoofed" IP source addresses to disguise their true origin. In this paper, we present a packet marking algorithm which allows the victim to traceback the approximate origin of spoofed IP packets. The...

It is argued that varying word-order is related not to the marking on the arguments indicating their grammatical relations but to the syntax of object. The flexible word-order in Japanese and the lack thereof in Chinese may be attributed to the presence or absence of argument-marking, but evidence from Naxi shows that although argument-marking may help identify the semantic roles of the argumen...

The linguistic phenomenon of recurrence is identified in two aspects; either as a repetition an action or restoration to former state. This paper examines lexical items, auxiliary verb san and adverb (e)bio , which encode this Akan. marker claimed be the output grammaticalization process has its historical input phonologically identical with restorative meaning. Even though diachronically assoc...

Should an alphabetic orthography for a tone language include tone marks? Opinion and practice are divided along three lines: zero marking, phonemic marking and various reduced marking schemes. This paper examines the success of phonemic tone marking for Dschang, a Grassfields Bantu language which uses tone to distinguish lexical items and some grammatical constructions. Participants with a vari...