This paper elaborates the human factors in ship management, and analyzes Liveware-Liveware interface and LivewareEnvironment interface based upon the SHEL model. And the measures to reduce human error in marine transport has also been proposed. This paper also has made systematic analysis on the complexity of Shipping Transportation System, construct system model, and analyzes Synergy Mechanism...

The Topical Collection on Invasive Species includes 50 articles addressing many tenets of marine invasion ecology. The collection covers important topics relating to propagule pressure associated with transport vectors, species characteristics, attributes of recipient ecosystems, invasion genetics, biotic interactions, testing of invasion hypotheses, invasion dynamics and spread, and impacts of...

All living cells have an absolute requirement for K+, which must be taken up from the external medium. In contrast to marine organisms, which live in a medium with an inexhaustible supply of K+, terrestrial life evolved in oligotrophic environments where the low supply of K+ limited the growth of colonizing plants. In these limiting conditions Na+ could substitute for K+ in some cellular functi...