Should cash transfer programmes restrict consumer choice? For example, should food assistance delivered in be restricted to and exclude temptation goods? Theoretically, restrictions induce (1) a substitution effect away from goods (2) negative wealth if transfers are extra-marginal the resale of is costly. The welfare impact on recipients negative. We test these predictions by exploiting natura...

This paper investigates the existence and extent of economies of scale in depository and settlement systems. Evidence from 16 settlement institutions across different regions for the years 1993–2000 indicates the existence of significant economies of scale. The degree of such economies, however, differs by size of settlement institution and region. While smaller settlement service providers rev...

The paper aims to analyze aspects of Roma marginalization, by identifying and assessing the dimensions social needs within a compact community, located in marginalized urban area. effects economic crisis COVID-19 pandemic increase inequalities regarding situation. major challenge is reduce risk poverty, especially among families with children, people disabilities chronic diseases, but also excl...

Coral settlement is a key ecological process in the maintenance, recovery and resilience of coral reef ecosystems. Coral reefs in the Persian Gulf survive in one of the world’s most extreme environments, yet there remains limited knowledge of the role of coral settlement considered critical for maintaining population dynamics. Spatial and temporal patterns of coral settlement were examined at 6...

For sessile marine invertebrates, processes contributing to larval release, dispersal, and settlement in favourable habitats are central to patterns of distribution and community structure. We quantified larval release patterns, phototactic behaviour, and settlement in response to environmental cues for the coral reef sponge Luffariella variabilis. Individual sponges released up to 830 larvae d...

Long-term settlement of MSW landfills is a complex process, which is explained by the following two mechanisms: (1) the mechanical long-term compression of degradable organic solids (DOS) and un-degradable organic solids (UDOS); and (2) the decomposition-based compression of the DOS. Based on these two distinct settlement mechanisms, in this study, the authors propose a new estimation model to ...