Microbiota is a cluster of physiological and pathogenic microorganisms found in many tissues organs living things, including such as bacteria, viruses, fungi. has important roles on system functions immune system, urinary digestive system. However, these can cause obstruction the genital tract, epididymitis orchitis, thus may lead to infertility. In addition, apathogenic viruses fungi have nega...

Abstract Background The global prevalence of obesity has soared to a concerning height in the past few decades. Interestingly, decline semen quality is parallel occurrence that urges researchers evaluate if among most essential causatives male infertility or subfertility. Main body Obesity may alter synchronized working reproductive-endocrine milieu, mainly hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) ...

This essay addresses the carboxylesterase redundancy in the male reproductive tract seemingly conserved across phyla. Evidence is provided which suggests that carboxylesterases are recruited by the male reproductive system in certain animal groups. These provide advantageous metabolic capabilities to sperm protection, sperm maturation, and sperm use. Rather than an archival record of the availa...