Abstract The continental crust is strongly depleted in iron relative to mid-oceanic ridge basalt, broadly identical the calc-alkaline magmas, suggesting that differentiation key continent formation. However, it remains contentious as what drives Fe depletion during magmatic crust. two competing hypotheses for differentiation—magnetite versus garnet (± amphibole) fractionation—predict contrastin...

From (3. F. Becker's and L. V. Pirsson's early enunciations linking the dynamics of magma chambers to the rock records of sills and plutons to this day, two features stand at the centre of nearly every magmatic process: solidification fronts and phenocrysts. The structure and behaviour of the envisioned solidification front, however, has been mostly that akin to non-silicate, non-multiply-satur...

Caldera-forming eruptions are among the most hazardous natural events on Earth and pose a significant risk for global consequences in future. Recent petrological re-evaluations of pre-, syn-, post-caldera deposits several volcanic systems worldwide suggest cyclic behavior evolution subvolcanic reservoirs feeding these eruptions. Such caldera cycles usually subdivided into maturation, fermentati...

Experimental data on the structure and properties of melts and fluids relevant to water-melt interaction in hydrous magmatic systems in the Earth's interior have been reviewed. Complex relationships between water solubility in melts and their bulk composition [Al/Si-ratio, metal oxide/(Al + Si) and electron properties of metal cations] explain why water solubility in felsic magmas such as those...

OVERVIEW On Earth, natural glasses are typically produced by rapid cooling of melts, and as in the case minerals rocks, can provide key information on evolution Earth. However, products not solely terrestrial, different formation mechanisms give rise to a variety amorphous materials. In this chapter, we an overview non-magmatic origin their mechanisms. We focus formed other than magmatic activi...