BACKGROUND Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment experience varying degrees of pain with separator insertion. A survey of patients' attitude towards orthodontic treatment revealed that pain was the most discouraging factor related to their treatment. Moreover, it was the highest ranking reason for wanting to discontinue care. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of low-leve...

The effect of low intensity laser radiation in the treatment of acute and chronic pain is now established in many studies. Tri-geminal neuralgia is a pain passes through nerve's branches and its trigger is located in skin or mucosa that could lead to pain with a trigger stimulus. The pain involved branches of trigeminal nerve that sometimes has patients to seek the treatment for several years. ...

Experimental measurements of the intensity fluctuations and the associated power spectra for the pump (argon) laser and the secondary (dye) laser show that the secondary laser follows pump fluctuations when operated far above threshold but acts as a low-pass filter when operated close to threshold. The experimental results are well explained by a laser model that accounts for pump fluctuations ...

We study, theoretically and experimentally, intensity noise induced by double Rayleigh scattering in long optical fibers. The results of the theoretical model are compared to experimental results performed with a high-coherence-length laser with a frequency noise spectrum that is dominated by 1/fν noise. Excellent quantitative agreement between theoretical and experimental RF spectra were obtai...