We have investigated the polarization dependent loss (PDL) and the differential group delay (DGD) of mechanically induced long-period fiber gratings. A birefringence compensation method is also presented.

Evolutionary loss of traits can result from negative selection on a specific phenotype, or if the trait is selectively neutral, because the phenotype associated with the trait has become redundant. Even essential traits may be lost, however, if the resulting phenotypic deficiencies can be compensated for by the environment or a symbiotic partner. Here we demonstrate that loss of an essential me...

A technique of Raman compensation for a two-channel soliton-based fiber communication system is introduced. By fixing the wavelength spacing between two channels, one can calculate the pumping wavelength and intensity in such a way that balance between loss and gain is reached for each channel. In this computation the Raman conversion between two channels plays an important role in simultaneous...

From 1999 to 2010, the number of Veterans of the United States military receiving compensation from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for serviceconnected PTSD increased 222% to 386,882. This dramatic and rapid increase in the rate of diagnosed service-connected PTSD has intensified longstanding concerns that the VA’s disability policies, procedures, and treatment programs promote compens...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tibial fractures comprise 10% of all fractures in children. To our knowledge there have been no previous reports of treatment injuries in these fractures. We analyzed compensation claims concerning treatment of these fractures in Finland. We used this information to determine preventable causes of treatment injuries. MATERIAL AND METHODS In Finland, the Patient Insuranc...

Nanoplasmonic devices are promising for next generation information and communication technologies because of their capability to confine light at subwavelength scale and transport signals with ultrahigh speeds. However, ohmic losses are inherent to all plasmonic devices so that further development of integrated plasmonics requires efficient in situ loss compensation of signals with a wavelengt...