Auxin(IAA)-induced extension growth of primary plant cell walls is regulated via cell wall loosening the molecular mechanism of which is unresolved. In electronmicroscopical studies it has been demonstrated that IAA-induced growth in grass coleoptiles is cbc ter ized by the IAA-induced occurrence of osmiophilic particles (OPs) specifically in the outer periplasmic space of the tension-stressed ...

in many structures, the applied lateral loads are comparable with gravity loads. these types of piles which are subject to high lateral load are usually divided into two categories including long and short piles. the general methods to estimate lateral bearing capacity of short and long piles are based on ultimate bearing capacity and allowable horizontal displacement respectively. in the prese...

Transformants and mutants with altered cell wall composition are expected to display a biomechanical phenotype due to the structural role of the cell wall. It is often quite difficult, however, to distinguish the mechanical behavior of a mutant's or transformant's cell walls from that of the wild type. This may be due to the plant's ability to compensate for the wall modification or because the...

Slender concrete walls incorporated into tilt-up construction over the past 60 years have performed remarkably well under out-of-plane wind and seismic loads. While issues associated with seismic wall anchorage gave this form of construction a black-eye in the early days, the concrete walls themselves have always performed very well even as far back as their first use in the early 1900s. Yet th...

This study discusses the experimental assessment of in-plane mechanical behavior a multi-leaf stone masonry wall built from cut and reinforced with metal connectors (cramps dowels). Inspired by conventional walls, is meant for use in modern buildings. The constructed two parallel load-bearing walls cavity between them, which aims to conceal installation insulation needed are connected cramps do...

Abstract As the main load-bearing component of aero-engine system, thin-walled casings have characteristics large size, complex structure, thin wall, and area. In addition to harsh working environment, it is necessary study applicable preventive measures contain high-energy fragments ensure flight safety. The load formed by axial impact circumferential torsion exerted turbine rotor on exhaust c...

This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the flexural response non-load bearing precast concrete insulated partially-composite wall panels fabricated with varying layouts ductile shear ties. The out-of-plane, one-way, single span load-displacement relationship is obtained for each panel via pseudo-static testing using a water bladder apparatus. Panel specimens constructed several tie a...

the existence of some geometrically imperfect members, like initial curvature in a double layer space structures with hundreds or thousands of members is almost inevitable. these imperfections give rise to loss of load bearing capacity of double layer space structures. to evaluate the effect of initial member imperfection on load bearing capacity of double layer space structures and their failu...

Several deficient steel structural members require to be strengthened all over the world. In this article, horizontal defects were generated at three locations (top, middle, and bottom) on the middle element and the middle of the side element. Consequently, the effects of the location of such defects on axial behavior of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strengthened steel Square Hollow Se...

Shear wall is one of the most commonly used lateral load resisting in high rise building. Shear wall has high in plane stiffness and strength which can be used to simultaneously resist large horizontal load and support gravity load. The objective of the present study is to study the behavior of building frame in the lateral load analysis of shear wall-frame structures; a fundamental goal is to ...