Purpose Since the start of current century, world at large has experienced uncertainties as a result climate change, terrorism threats and increasing economic upheaval. These create non-classical risks for global seaborne container trade liner shipping networks (LSNs). The purpose this paper is to establish novel risk-based resilience framework measure effectiveness different recovery strategie...

Climate change is a major environmental issue facing humanity today, and the International Maritime Organization has accelerated formulation of greenhouse gas emission policies. This study considers different carbon policies to construct an optimization model for container shipping, design improved Whale Swarm Algorithm solve related issues, use marginal abatement cost method analyze deep-seate...

Maritime transport serves as the backbone of international trade, accounting for more than 90% global trade. Although maritime is cheaper and safer other modes transport, it often means long sailing distances, which results in substantial fuel consumption emissions. Liner shipping, a vital component plays an important role achieving sustainable operations, necessitating implementation green lin...