and dysgeusia than the continuous regimen. Similarly, the muscle cramps and dysgeusia in the present patients resolved within 1 month after interrupting the vismodegib regimen. Although pharmacokinetic studies have shown suboptimal efficacy and similar incidence and severity of adverse effects when vismodegib, 150 mg, was used once weekly or 3 times weekly, no studies to our knowledge have inve...

There is no doubt that rates of chronic kidney disease are escalating and that this rise is the main contributor to the increasing prevalence of diabetic nephropathy. It is also clear that the increase in kidney failure continues despite tight blood glucose and blood pressure control, as well as renin-angiotensin system blockade. In response, research into novel therapies to treat diabetic neph...

In the title compound, C(11)H(14)N(4)O(4)·C(2)HCl(3)O(2), the dioxolane ring adopts an envelope conformation. Doxophylline [7-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-meth-yl)-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione] and trichloro-acetic acid mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Recently, cases of liver injury associated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been reported (1,2). Some postulate the liver injury is mediated by class effect ofDPP-4 inhibitors (1), asDPP4 is identical to CD26 expressed in lymphocytes and macrophages and DPP-4 inhibitors suppress CD26-induced T-cell activation, thereby contributing to immunomodulation (3). However, no report p...

Background and Purpose Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a class of oral glucose-lowering drugs used in the treatment type 2 diabetes. In pilot study using human kidney biopsies, we observed high DPP-4 expression early crescent formation. This glomerular lesion occurs different diseases is hallmark pathogenesis renal dysfunction. Therefore, investigated potential involvement nephrit...