the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (hpa) axis is a critical adaptive system that maximizes survival potential in the face of physical or psychological challenge. the principal end products of the hpa axis, glucocorticoid hormones, act on multiple organ systems, including the brain, to maintain homeostatic balance. the brain is a target of stress, and the hippocampus is the first brain reg...

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are rare remote effects of different types of cancer. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis is a specific syndrome, most often associated with small cell lung carcinoma. This report describes the case of a pure limbic encephalitis in association with breast cancer. An anti-neuronal antibody was found in the serum and CSF of the patient which has not been repor...

Rat, monkey, and human infants have evolved to expect certain patterns of care. Spontaneous or experimental deviations of care from the norm result in infant stress responses. Hyperactivity of immature stress systems such as the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the limbic-sympatho-adrenomedullary axis can alter their subsequent reactivity across the life span.