INTRODUCTION The importance of lightning for climate studies is increasingly recognized. Thunderstorms are major players in the global redistribution of water substance, a key mediator of both short and long wavelength radiation. The cloud buoyancy that drives vertical motion in electrified convection is of the order of 1 C. Temperature perturbations of this order have appreciable local effects...

Recent research has indicated a strong correlation between total lighting data (both in-cloud and cloud-to-ground) and severe weather such as hail and high wind storms. The lightning activities preceding severe storms have certain characteristics in lightning flashes, such as high in-cloud (IC) flash rates in the storm formation stage. The greater volume of strong updrafts during a severe thund...

This paper is concerned with the protection of wind energy systems against the direct effects of lightning. As wind power generation undergoes rapid growth, lightning damages involving wind turbines have come to be regarded as a serious problem. Nevertheless, very few studies exist yet in Portugal regarding lightning protection of wind energy systems using numerical codes. A new case study is p...

Using a slit-less spectrograph the spectra in the range of 390-660nm for first return strokes of CG lightning flashes have been obtained both in Qinghai plateau, northwestern China and in coastal area of Guangdong, southern China respectively. The heights of two observation sites differ by 2500 meters. Appling the atomic structure theory to the research work on lightning spectra, parameters suc...

[1] Nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx) produced by lightning are natural precursors for the production of the dominant tropospheric oxidants, OH and ozone. Observations of the interannual variability (IAV) of tropical ozone and of global mean OH (from the methyl chloroform proxy) offer a window for understanding the sensitivity of ozone and OH to environmental factors. We present the results of simu...

Lightning NOx emissions calculated using the US National Lightning Detection Network data were found to account for 30% of the total NOx emissions for July–August 2004, a period chosen both for having higher lightning NOx production and high ozone levels, thus maximizing the likelihood that such emissions could impact peak ozone levels. Including such emissions led to modest, but sometimes sign...

VI-1 Abstract – In conducting analysis of systems that have failed as a result of lightning and transients, we have observed repeated incidences associated with corrugated flexible tubing. The nature and frequency of lightning strokes is considered. The failure process is investigated. Standards and articles provide adequate minimum design for installation. Ten areas of electrical systems corre...

According to the US NOAA, lightning is the second killer among the four major storm-related hazards, just after floods but before tornadoes and hurricanes. About 100 individuals, on average, are killed annually by lightning in the United States, and more than 500 people are injured. Up to 20 % of lightning victims die. Typical accidents are due to lightning through a direct or indirect strike t...

INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional radar reflectivity data and the algorithms used to help meteorologists interpret these data are extremely important in nowcasting. However, a number of inherent problems arise when tracking thunderstorm cells with 3-dimensional reflectivity. These problems include (1) identifying cells in a complex multi-cellular thunderstorm environment, (2) detecting thunderstor...

Different functions have been used to model the lightning return-stroke current with the aid of direct current measurements at tall structures. In this paper, a comparison between the Pulse function and Heilder function is carried out to find out the suitability of each of these functions for simulating the lightning return-stroke current, measured at the CN Tower. An automated system for deter...