Background: The constraints imposed by the pandemic COVID-19 increased risks of disruption supply chains, bringing new challenges to companies. These effects were felt more intensely in less-developed countries, which are highly dependent on imports products and raw materials. This study aims assess impact chain resilience a country (Guinea-Bissau) using complex adaptive system theory. Methods:...

We use three analytic steps to examine public investment in short-cycle tertiary education. First, reviewing the historical development, literature reveals that national and regional policies on educational development emphasized bachelor’s programs vocational education early twenty-first century, especially EU. This background informs longitudinal trend analysis second step of variables (2000–...

the article depicts the situation before cold war in which developing countries (dcs) and least developed countries (ldcs) found themselves big loser, as they were deprived from participation in trade negotiation process, leading into establishment of gatt . therefore, they resorted to unctad  as the sole defender of their interests against developed countries in trade negotiations. unctad has ...