130 T he first is that governments and international organisations must address the decent work deficits of those who work informally, since the informal economy, characterized by low productivity , low earnings and high risks, has been growing worldwide, emerging in many new guises and in unexpected places. The second message is one of hope. It is about the new departure in international devel...

This paper intends to explore how the different backgrounds, including economic development, culture, and legal system, impact on the regulation of electronic signatures. Are they relevant in such regulation and why? To what extent and in what way they have an impact on such regulations? It will contribute to the understanding and research on the role of economic, cultural and legal backgrounds...

Decent work is a key tool to overcome insecurities caused by a lack of choice and access to opportunities which lead to disempowerment. Decent work includes rights, social protection, employment and the promotion of social dialogue, applied in an integrated manner. The legal aspect of decent work lies at the heart of the empowerment process, helping to break the cycle of inequality by providing...

BACKGROUND While the Iranian nursing profession tries to reach to its full capacity for participating in the maintenance of public health, its desire to develop is strongly influenced by cultural, economic, and religious factors. The concept of empowerment is frequently used in nursing and the health services, particularly in relation to the quality of care, since the mission of nursing is to p...

The first aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of activities, strategies and processes associated with managers’ empowerment based on the National Human Resource Empowerment Model in Iran. The second aim is to propose a provincial model of human resources empowerment for managers and executives. To collect data, a qualitative research approach including semi-structured interviews an...

Evolutionary models broadly support a number of social learning strategies likely important in economic behavior. Using a simple model of price dynamics, I show how prestige bias, or copying of famed (and likely successful) individuals, influences price equilibria and investor disposition in a way that exacerbates or creates market bubbles. I discuss how integrating the social learning and demo...

purpose: despite growing interest and increased investments in empowerment, the development of instruments and indicators with which to monitor and evaluate empowerment processes and outcomes are still at an early stage. the main goal of this study was to introduce and test the world bank empowerment model for assessing the economic empowerment of rural people and to identify contexts and facto...

People with independent (vs. interdependent) social orientation place greater priority on personal success, autonomy, and novel experiences over maintaining ties to their communities of origin. Accordingly, an independent orientation should be linked to a motivational proclivity to move to places that offer economic opportunities, freedom, and diversity. Such places are cities that can be calle...