The Wireless Sensor Network technology has been used widely; however the limited energy resource is one of the bottlenecks for its application. To enhance the robustness and accuracy of the information which is obtained by the entire network, certain redundancy exists in the data collected from the sensor node and thus data fusion processing is needed to reduce the redundant information. Firstl...

<span lang="EN-US">Wireless sensor networks are an innovative and rapidly advanced network occupying the broad spectrum of wireless networks. It works on principle “use with less expense, effort more comfort.” In these networks, routing provides efficient effective data transmission between different sources to access points using clustering technique. This work addresses low-energy adapt...

The limitation of sensors energy make efficiency still a priority issue in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology. One effort that can be done to overcome this problem is design the right data transmission path (or better known as routing). Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) one most widely used cluster-based routing protocols because it considered capable minimizing amount cons...

Clustering is an effective topology approach in wireless sensor network, which can increase network lifetime and scalability. Either Node Mobility or Channel fading has a negative impact on various clustering protocol. In case of Node Mobility when all sensor nodes are mobile the current nearest cluster head may be the farthest one for the sensor node when message transmission phase starts. In ...

A wireless network consisting of a large number of small sensors with low-power transceivers can be an effective tool for gathering data in a variety of environments. Wireless distributed micro sensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have significant imp...

Most routing protocols designed for wireless sensor networks used the unit disk graph model (UGD) to represent the physical layer. This model does not take into account fluctuations of the radio signal. Therefore, these protocols must be improved to be adapted to a non-ideal environment. In this paper, we used the lognormal shadowing (LNS) model to represent a non-ideal environment. In this mod...

Research was carried out to improve acid rock drainage (ARD) prediction methodologies, focussing on resolving uncertainties in acid base accounting (ABA) methods. Advancements, their application, and interpretation are reported. Consideration of both net acid production potential (NAPP) and net acid generation (NAG) test results provide a more reliable routine screening technique than either te...