Zero-point energy (ZPE) can be thought of as a limitless source of potential energy that exists throughout the universe; in essence, ZPE describes the ground state of a quantum mechanical system that exhibits a fluctuating finite energy due to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Quantum mechanics predicts that all of space must be filled with electromagnetic zero-point fluctuations (also called...

The Weihrauch degrees and strong Weihrauch degrees are partially ordered structures representing degrees of unsolvability of various mathematical problems. Their study has been widely applied in computable analysis, complexity theory, and more recently, also in computable combinatorics. We answer an open question about the algebraic structure of the strong Weihrauch degrees, by exhibiting a joi...

In this paper, the concept of extended intersection and restricted union of intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets are introduced. Some operations on intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets are investigated, and we prove that De Morgan’s laws hold in intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets theory. Based on these properties, we discuss the algebraic structures of intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets, which is lattice structure...

Metallic lattice truss structures are usually made by perforating a metal sheet with a periodic diamond pattern followed by folding at node rows to create a plate of 3D interconnected trusses. For low relative density lattices, the initial sheet material is inefficiently utilized, and the node area is small raising concerns about node bond robustness under shear or tensile loading. Here, we exp...

We demonstrate experimentally the generation of square and hexagonal lattices of optical vortices and reveal their propagation in a saturable nonlinear medium. If the topological charges of the vortices have identical signs, the lattice exhibits rotation, whereas if their signs alternate between being the same and being opposite to each other, we observe stable propagation of the structures. In...

In order to estimate the influence of both surface and interface effects on phonon frequencies and superconducting transition temperatures in layered structures, we have calculated the vibrational modes of structures composed of alternating films of heavy and light particles. An interface effectively lowers the vibrational frequencies of the heavy particles and raises those of the light particl...

Lattice data structures are space efficient and cache-suitable data structures. The basic searching, insertion, and deletion operations are of time complexity O( √ N). We give a jump searching algorithm of time complexity O(J(L) log(N)), where J(L) is the jump factor of the lattice. J(L) approaches 4 when the degree of sortedness of the lattice approaches √ N . A sorting procedure of time compl...

We systematically investigate and compare general methods of designing single mode photonic crystal waveguides in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of air holes in a dielectric material. We apply the rather general methods to dielectric-core hexagonal lattice photonic crystals since they have not been widely explored before. We show that it is possible to obtain single mode guiding in a limit...