calculation of lateral earth pressure on retaining walls is one of the main issues in geotechnics. the upper and lower bound theorems of plasticity are used to analyze the stability of geotechnical structures include bearing capacity of foundations, lateral earth pressure on retaining walls and factor of safety of slopes. in this paper formulation of finite element limit analysis is introduced ...

the previous studies show that a high percentage of traffic accidents take place in two-lane rural highways and most of which happen at horizontal curves. meanwhile the horizontal alignment is often subject to hard topographic conditions where because of economic aspects designers are forced to design horizontal curves at grades. vertical angle of longitudinal slope reduces the normal force of ...

Though asymmetric loading between the medial and lateral compartments of total knee replacements may contribute to implant loosening and failure, the in vivo contact force distribution during dynamic daily activities remains unknown. This study reports in vivo medial and lateral contact forces experienced by a well-aligned knee implant for a variety of activities. In vivo implant motion and tot...

Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is the second most commonly reported overuse running injury [1]. The iliotibial band is a thickened lateral component of the tensor fasciae latae [2]. This band of dense fibrous connective tissue traverses down the lateral thigh and passes over the lateral femoral epicondyle before inserting onto the anterolateral aspect of the tibia [2]. Until recently, it was b...

CONTEXT Stress fractures are one of the most common injuries in sports, accounting for approximately 10% of all overuse injuries. Treatment of fifth metatarsal stress fractures involves both surgical and nonsurgical interventions. Fifth metatarsal stress fractures are difficult to treat because of the risks of delayed union, nonunion, and recurrent injuries. Most of these injuries occur during ...

We present a novel illusion in which participants report constant forces on their hand as steadily increasing. Participants made discrete reaching movements perturbed by a lateral force that increased with the distance moved; when stationary at the end of the movement, a true constant force was perceived to increase. We tested perceived subjective equality by increasing or decreasing the force....

A novel calibration technique has been developed for lateral force microscopy (LFM). Typically, special preparation of the atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever or a substrate is required for LFM calibration. The new calibration technique reported in this paper greatly reduces the required preparation processes by simply scanning over a rigid step and measuring the response of the AFM photod...

The in-plane deformation of atomic force microscope ~AFM! cantilevers under lateral loading is commonly assumed to have negligible effect in comparison to other deformation modes and ignored. In this article, we present a theoretical study of the behavior of cantilevers under lateral loading, and in so doing establish that in-plane deformation can strongly contribute to the total deformation, p...

The spatial resolution of atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be drastically increased by terminating the tip with a single carbon monoxide (CO) molecule. However, the CO molecule is not stiff, and lateral forces, such as those around the sides of molecules, distort images. This issue begs a larger question of how AFM can probe structures that are laterally weak. Lateral force microscopy (LFM) ca...

We introduce a lateral atomic force microscopy (AFM) method to measure the hydrodynamic drag force acting on a microscopic emulsion droplet moving parallel to a flat surface. A tetradecane oil droplet formed in an aqueous solution of sodium dodecylsulfate was attached to a V-shaped atomic force microscopy cantilever, and lateral hydrodynamic interactions between the droplet and a flat glass sur...