Many conditions can lead to laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS), most frequent endotracheal intubation, followed by external trauma, or prior airway surgery. Clinical management of these stenosis requires exact information about the number, grade, and the length of the stenosis. We have developed a method for assessment of LTS. The cross-sectional profiles (based on the central path) of the upper re...

IMPORTANCE This is the first description of 3-dimensional (3D) pediatric airway endoscopy in the otolaryngology literature detailing the superior visualization with this technology. Ultimately, enhanced optics may further improve the treatment of airway pathology. OBJECTIVE To report the first case series examining the use of 3D direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy (DLB) in the diagnosis and ...

OBJECTIVE To describe the dimensions of cartilage grafts used for successful laryngotracheal reconstruction, with the goal of establishing appropriate sizes for "off-the-shelf" tissue-engineered cartilage grafts. DESIGN A retrospective review of prospectively maintained operative illustrations of a single surgeon's experience. SETTING Two tertiary children's hospitals. PATIENTS A consecut...

Tracheal stenosis has numerous possible etiologies, including iatrogenic trauma from an over-inflated endotracheal/tracheostomy tube cuff, malignancy, chronic inflammatory diseases (eg, sarcoidosis), and various collagen vascular diseases (eg, Wegener disease, relapsing polychondritis). If an underlying etiology cannot be identified, the condition is termed idiopathic tracheal stenosis. First r...