Urban economics dictate that cities must grow to maintain their vitality. Small cities increase their population and economic base, thereby expanding their city limits. Large cities manage growth so that expansion is controlled, avoiding real estate and economic depressions. Former Albuquerque Mayor David Rusk argues in Cities Without Suburbs that cities with aggressive growth strategies prospe...

Community participation and empowerment are core principles underpinning the Healthy Cities movement. By providing an overview of theory and presenting the relevant findings of evaluations, this article explores how cities in the WHO European Healthy Cities Network have integrated community participation and empowerment within their development. Reflecting the inclusion of public participation ...

Pulmonary tuberculosis, although not generally believed to be so, is very common in India, especially in large towns and cities. The annual public health reports from various provinces clearly show that it is on an increase primarily in the large cities, affecting the larger towns to a less extent, and still less the villages. The principal pre'disposing causes are also increasing owing to more...

The traveling salesperson problem (TSP) is difficult to solve for input instances with large number of cities. Instead of finding the solution of an input with a large number of cities, the problem is approximated into a simpler form containing smaller number of cities, which is then solved optimally. Graph pyramid solution strategies, in a bottom-up manner using Bor̊uvka’s minimum spanning tree...

This article analyzes the development of primary care (PHC) within the Unified Health System (SUS) in large Brazilian cities. The decision to adopt a policy of PHC represented an incremental reform of the health system through the Family Health Strategy (FHS). The methodological approach of the article uses cross-sectional data grouped around two years (2008 and 2012) to evaluate the developmen...

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is difficult to solve for input instances with large number of cities. Instead of finding the solution for an input with a large number of cities, the problem is transformed into a simpler form containing smaller number of cities, which is then solved optimally. Graph pyramid solution strategies, using Bor̊uvka’s minimum spanning tree step, convert, in a bott...

Although the average population density of a city is an extremely simple indicator, it is often used as a determinant factor for describing various aspects of urban phenomena. On the other hand, a plethora of different measures that aim at characterizing the urban form have been introduced in the literature, often with the risk of redundancy. Here, we argue that two measures are enough to captu...