According to the requirements of provincial land management operation, this paper introduced a method to build municipal land usage database on country level land usage database building. It realizes provincial land usage data updating, transfer and application management. This paper analyzed provincial land usage database construction requirements from data, software and hardware environment, ...

introduction: cost estimation is a important tool which assist the managers to plan and to control the economic functions of the organization. the present study aims to identify the cost of a cesarean surgery in one of the first class public hospitals in iran. methodology: reviewing all expenses of the hospital documents in the financial unit, the cost of a cesarean surgery was determined throu...

Building actors need accurate estimates in order to efficiently undertake the construction of buildings. The knowledge of real expected costs of construction works is a necessary condition for contractors to submit competitive tenders and for developers to be aware of the magnitude of their investment. In this paper, an innovative process-based model is presented, the POP model. This model aims...

spatial planning is one of the powerful means for the reduction of transaction costs in the transportation sector. using this approach one can design and determine optimum of urban land use as well as cut down the traveling demand to different places and thereby achieve the reduction of transactions cost. in this paper, though implicitly, we have tried to present and demonstrate a method for re...

In this paper, we explore the interaction between taxation and local public good (LPG) and how it impacts the spatial pattern in the framework of new economic geography (NEG). In the benchmark case of a pure LPG, the system displays a similar location pattern to the existing NEG taxation model, although the tax reduces the market size of manufactured goods. However, when we consider the inheren...

provides guidance on the application of environmental economics, and specifically the analysis and valuation of ecosystem services, to analyze the costs of land degradation and the benefits of sustainable land management. The Toolkit is intended to assist technicians and decision makers in their analysis of land degradation and land management policy options. The Toolkit has been prepared in pa...

Ecosystem services are being protected and restored worldwide through payments for ecosystem services in which participants are paid to alter their land-management approaches to benefit the environment. The efficiency of such investments depends on the design of the payment scheme. Land features have been used to measure the environmental benefits of and amount of payment for land enrollment in...

banberz, banbor, and sabziabad neighborhoods are three residential districts on the peripheryof ilam city, and are facing a lot of problems namely social, economic, and physical, particularly in housing sectorincluding low quality, poor housing, limited-quantity housing. in order to assess the sustainability of housing, 75indicators and to rank districts, spss software (exploratory factor analy...