The distribution of item generation/time in the performance of elderly on verbal fluency (VF) remains unknown. Objective: To analyze the number of items, their distribution and impact of the first quartile on the final test result. Methods: 31 individuals performed the tests (average age=74 years; schooling=8.16 years). Results: The number of items produced in the first quartile differed from t...

This scoping review explores the causal relationship between morphological instruction and reading development in young L2 learners by synthesizing 12 primary studies published 2004 2019 (N = 1,535). These focused on English as target language involved participants kindergarten Grade from four countries (China, Egypt, Singapore, USA). Findings suggested that (a) led to consistent positive gains...

Abstract This study explored the developmental trajectories of L2 Lexical-semantic networks by comparing structure lexical-semantic Chinese EFL learners at two levels English: intermediate and advanced. Analyses data from semantic fluency tasks found that with improvement language proficiency, network becomes more connected but less centralized. community revealed advanced has denser clusters t...

This study investigates the combined effects of task-based careful online planning condition and the storyline structure of a task on L2 oral performance (complexity, accuracy, and fluency). 60 intermediate EFL learners were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 15). Participants were asked to perform two tasks with different degrees of storyline structure (structured and unstructured) under tw...

Abstract Until children can produce letters quickly and accurately, it is assumed that handwriting disrupts limits the quality of their text. This investigation largest study to date (2596 girls, 2354 boys) assessing association between fluency writing quality. We tested whether made a statistically unique contribution predicting primary grade students’ on functional task, after variance due at...

This study investigates the combined effects of task-based careful online planning condition and the storyline structure of a task on L2 oral performance (complexity, accuracy, and fluency). 60 intermediate EFL learners were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 15). Participants were asked to perform two tasks with different degrees of storyline structure (structured and unstructured) under tw...

Abstract The current study examined the extent to which cognitive fluency (CF) contributes utterance (UF) at level of constructs. A total 128 Japanese-speaking learners English completed four speaking tasks—argumentative task, picture narrative reading-to-speaking and reading-while-listening-to-speaking task—and a battery linguistic knowledge tests, capturing vocabulary size, lexical retrieval ...