The circuitry underlying the Aplysia siphon-elicited siphon-withdrawal reflex has been widely used to study the cellular substrates of simple forms of learning and memory. Nonetheless, the functional roles of the different neurons and synaptic connections modified with learning have yet to be firmly established. In this study we constructed a realistic computer simulation of the best-understood...

Much of molluscan behaviour is stereotyped and therefore more amenable to analysis than the highly complex and variable behaviour of phylogenetically more advanced animals. Several types of molluscan behaviour have been studied, varying from sequential swimming and digging patterns (Dorsett, Willows & Hoyle, 1969; Mellon, 1969; Trueman, 1967) to simple withdrawal responses (Mellon, 1965; Peretz...

Mosquito (Aedes togoi) larva has to float its siphon on the water surface to breathe air. To elucidate the floating mechanism of the siphon, morphological structures, especially the flap-like lobes and spiracle of the siphon, were observed. Wettability and dynamic behavior of the lobes on the water surface were also experimentally examined. The lobes formed a hollow cone shape under water and e...

Model studies have been advanced to suggest both that a siphon does and does not support cerebral blood flow in an upright position. If a siphon is established with the head raised, it would mean that internal jugular pressure reflects right atrium pressure minus the hydrostatic difference from the brain. This study measured spinal fluid pressure in the upright position, the pressure and the ul...

A total of 72 ocular bruits in 50 patients with symptoms of atherothrombotic ischemic cerebrovascular disease were studied with continuous-wave Doppler ultrasonography with spectrum analysis (Dopscan). Fourteen patients also had conventional angiography, and 14 had digital subtraction angiography. Ocular bruits by augmentation flow due to occlusion (seven bruits, 9.7%) or tight stenosis (17 bru...

We have used the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex of Aplysia to study the morphological basis of the persistent synaptic plasticity that underlies long-term sensitization. One critical locus for storage of the memory for sensitization is the set of monosynaptic connections between identified siphon sensory neurons and gill and siphon motor neurons. To complement previous morphological studies ...

The rostral LE cluster (rLE) is a new set of mechanoreceptor neurons of the abdominal ganglion innervating the mantle area, the branchial cavity, the gill and the siphon of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica Cooper. We have compared the organization of rLE cell receptive fields with that of three other clusters of sensory neurons in the abdominal ganglion (LE, RE and RF) that we have reanal...

As regional interaction increases in an open economy, a region’s green total factor productivity agriculture must be considered alongside relationships with other regions. In this study, the slack-based model (SBM) global Malmquist–Luenberger (GML) index is used to measure of each province China, and social network analysis (SNA) vector autoregressive (VAR) impulse response function (IRF) are e...

Plasticity in the circuits for the withdrawal reflexes has been correlated with several simple forms of nonassociative and associative learning in Aplysia, and biochemical, biophysical, and molecular mechanisms of plasticity in these circuits have been described. In order to examine network features of this plasticity, we identified and characterized a component of the modulatory circuitry for ...

BACKGROUND Culex pipiens complex shows variations in morphological and biological characters including different biological forms and has medical and veterinary importance. Because of having morphological variations, sometimes it is not easy to separate this species from Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. torrentium. The aim of this study was to identify the Culex pipiens complex species in order to ...