The AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 is downregulated in neurons following a wide range of neurological insults. Here we report that suppression of GluR2 gene promoter activity is associated with kainate (KA)-induced downregulation of GluR2 subunit levels in primary cultured cortical neurons. RT-PCR and Northern blotting showed a significant decrease in GluR2 mRNA in cultured neurons after KA exposu...

BACKGROUND Increased nitric oxide (NO), neuronal inflammation and apoptosis have been proposed to be involved in excitotoxicity plays a part in many neurodegenerative diseases. To understand the neuro-protective effects of propolis, activities of Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and caspase-3 along with NO and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were studied in cerebral cortex (CC), cerebellum (C...

The PI3K-PTEN-mTOR is one of the most important pathways involved in cancer development and progression; however, its role in keratoacanthoma (KA) is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the activation of key proteins in the PI3K-mTOR pathway in lip KA. We analyzed the activation of the PI3K-PTEN-mTOR pathway using human tumor samples stained for well-established protein markers in...

Kainic acid (KA) is well known as a chemical compound to study epileptic seizures and neuronal excitotoxicity. KA-induced excitotoxicity causes neuronal death by induction of autophagic stress and microglia-derived neuroinflammation, suggesting that the control of KA-induced effects may be important to inhibit epileptic seizures with neuroprotection. Naringin, a flavonoid in grapefruit and citr...

The ratio of the number of nonsynonymous substitutions per site (Ka) over the number of synonymous substitutions per site (Ks) has often been used to detect positive selection. Investigators now commonly generate Ka/Ks ratio profiles in a sliding window to look for peaks and valleys in order to identify regions under positive selection. Here we show that the interpretation of peaks in the Ka/Ks...

Multiple transcription factors regulate B-cell commitment, which is coordinated with myeloid-erythroid lineage differentiation. NF-κB has long been speculated to regulate early B-cell development; however, this issue remains controversial. IκB kinase-α (IKKα) is required for splenic B-cell maturation but not for BM B-cell development. In the present study, we unexpectedly found defective BM B-c...

READ ME This is Version 0.5 of the Software Testing KA Description. I have done my best to provide -within the close deadlinea preliminary document according to the specifications. However, I am heavily relying on the feedback from the first review round to improve this draft document, as I am fully aware that it still needs more work than that I could realistically put on it. Above all, some o...

Active antenna arrays working at higher frequencies result in higher packaging densities. The antenna array under consideration operates at about 30 GHz and will be installed in an aircraft. Commercially available power amplifiers at these frequencies have an efficiency of typically 20 %, which results in high amounts of dissipated heat for the required high radiated power. The dissipated power...