§1. The justificatory question What makes it the case that a thinker has justification for a given belief? Call this the justificatory question. I will not attempt to define “justification.” I doubt that a noncircular definition is possible. Roughly speaking, one has justification for a belief just in case one is “epistemically licensed” in forming the belief. As Pryor puts it, “you have justif...

Several justification logics have evolved, starting with the logic LP, [2]. These can be thought of as explicit versions of modal logics, or logics of knowledge or belief in which the unanalyzed necessity operator has been replaced with a family of explicit justification terms. Modal logics come in various strengths. For their corresponding justification logics, differing strength is reflected ...