Introduction istorically, Hippocrates (460 – 377 B.C.) was the first physician who described the evacuation of pus from pleural space. Then, Galen (129 – 199 A.D.) wrote on the same procedure. 2 In Iran, some renowned physicians such as Ahwazi or Haly Abbas (10 century A.D.), Razi or Rhazes (865 – 925 A.D.), and Ibn-Sina or Avicenna (980 – 1037 A.D.) had also mentioned the chest diseases such a...

For many years, the exegesis of the parables of Jesus was determined by assump­ tions that were largely purported by Adolf Jülicher and subsequently underwent only insignificant modification. The Kompendium der Gleichnisse Jesu (ed. R. Zimmermann, Gütersloh 2007), whose methodology and hermeneutics are explained in this article, takes a new route, as can be illustrated in four steps. From a his...

Chemical and other species reaction theories involving thermodynamical equilibrium states characterized by a temperature parameter invariably utilize statistical mechanical equilibrium density distributions. Here, a definition of heat-work transformation termed thermo mechanical coherence is first made, and it is conjectured that most molecular bonds have the above heat-work transformation prop...

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Studying the history of science could help develop an understanding of the contributions made by ancient nations towards scientific advances. Although Iranians had an important impact on the improvement of science, the history of Iranian medicine seems not to have been given enough attention by historians. The present study focused on the history of anesthesia and pain management in Iranian med...

Islamic Traditional Medicine (ITM) is a holistic and comprehensive medical school that has antecedents over 12 centuries ago. In ITM, cancer was a known disease with many options for treatment. Razi (Razhes; 865-925 AD), Ahwazi (Haly Abbas; 930-994 AD), Avicenna (980-1037AD), Jorjani (1042-1136 AD), and Aqili Khorasani (18th century) are among eminent physicians who discussed different types of...

During the Sassanid Empire in Persia (226-652 AD), there was a renaissance of humanistic sciences, including medicine, in the city of Gondi-Shapur. When the Islamic center of power moved to Baghdad in about 750 AD, physicians of Gondi-Shapur, including the dean of the medical school (a Nestorian Christian), gradually moved to Baghdad constructing hospitals and medical schools. Aided by the Pers...

Let T = u, ... Un be a text where every symbol Uj has a time slamp t, and a duration d(ai) a.s.sociatcd with it. The time stamps of the ai's are increasing, so that j > i implies tj > li. A text. symbol OJ is alive. at time tiff tj :S t:S t; + d(u;). A subsequence ai, ... OJ ... of T is alive iff every Gi k is alive at time tim.' that is. ti k + d(ai.) ~ tim for all k E {I, ... I m I}. We consi...