The present paper reveals to assess the mimics of induced toxicity profiles of Tramadol (capsule) and its effects on hypothalamus and liver by treatment of probiotic drug therapy and focus the therapeutic use of probiotics in the modern world. Tramadol, a widely used opioid in recent years, is an effective analgesic agent for the treatment of moderately severe acute or chronic pain. Its analges...

OBJECTIVE Tramadol is a synthetic analgesic of opioids which has more flexible mechanisms of action than typical opioids. Since it has been reported in previous study that typical opioids like morphine can affect the bone homeostasis, it is worthwhile to examine the effects of tramadol on tooth movement. In this study we investigated effects of tramadol on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. ...

ObjectiveThis study was performed to investigate the analgesic effects of lidocaine and lidocaine/tramadol combination in epidural anaesthesia in dromedary camels. DesignExperimental Study AnimalsEight healthy immature dromedary camels ProceduresThe camels were randomly designed in 2 equal groups. In group L: lidocaine 2% (0.22 mg/kg) and in group LT: a combination of lidocaine 2% (0.22 mg/kg) ...

The study was to survey and assess the drug dependence and abuse potential of tramadol with no history of substance abuse. Subjects of tramadol dependence with no prior history of substance abuse were surveyed by interview. Physical dependence of tramadol was assessed using 10 items opiate withdrawal scale (OWS), and psychological dependence was assessed by Addiction Research Center Inventory-C...

The 21st century Nigeria has witnessed changing trends in the patterns of psychoactive substance use with Tramadol HCl emerging as a candidate drug in the North-eastern region of the country. This study assessed the prevalence, patterns and the reasons behind the sustained use of Tramadol in a sub-population of drug users. This is a retrospective crosssectional study in which socio-demographic,...

OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of tramadol for relieving neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Thirty-six patients with SCI and neuropathic pain were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, and 35 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis based on all patients taking at least 1 dose of study medication. Of the intentio...

The incidence of diabetes is increasing worldwide. Chronic neuropathic pain occurs in approximately 25% of diabetic patients. Tramadol, an atypical analgesic with a unique dual mechanism of action, is used in the management of painful diabetic neuropathy. It acts on monoamine transporters to inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA). The purpose of this st...

Purpose: Prolong labour contributes to increased perinatal and maternal morbidity. Inhibitory impulses in the form of spasm often impair the dilatation of cervix and prolong the duration of labour. This study was undertaken to compare the effect of Tramadol Hydrochloride And Drotavarine Hydrochloride on duration of labour and rate of cervical dilatation and compare it with control group. Method...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of intraarticular (ia) bupivacaine and tramadol injection and preemptive intraarticular tramadol in providing pain control after arthroscopic knee surgery. Following local research ethics committee approval, 60 patients were assigned in a randomized manner into three groups: Group I received ia 20 ml of 0.25 % bupivacaine at the end o...

This study aimed to investigate the analgesic efficacy of caudal epidural administration of tramadol in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). A total of 10 dromedary camels of both sexes were selected and randomly assigned to one of two groups to receive epidurally either 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg of tramadol hydrochloride. The injections were made into the epidural space at first intercoccygeal jun...