in analyzing the scholarly achievements, muslim writers make extensive use of biography books. the information of people’s life and their geographical conditions, which are included in their specific intellectual inclinations, is usually extracted from these books, which can be used for quantitative analysis for presenting a portray of the overall figure of a society, in general, and its academ...

BACKGROUND Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome (IGS) was described just over 50 years ago by Olga Imerslund and Ralph Gräsbeck and colleagues. IGS is caused by specific malabsorption of cobalamin (Cbl) due to bi-allelic mutations in either the cubilin gene (CUBN) or the human amnionless homolog (AMN). Mutations in the two genes are commonly seen in founder populations or in societies with a high degree...

Adaptive radiation of a lineage into a range of organisms with different niches underpins the evolution of life's diversity. Although the role of the environment in shaping adaptive radiation is well established, theory predicts that the evolvability and niche of the founding ancestor are also of importance. Direct demonstration of a causal link requires resolving the independent effects of the...

BACKGROUND MMTV-Cre mouse lines have played important roles in our understanding about the functions of numerous genes in mouse mammary epithelial cells during mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. However, numerous studies have not included MMTV-Cre mice as controls, and many investigators have not indicated which of the different MMTV-Cre founder lines were used in their studies. Here,...

About 5-10% of breast and ovarian carcinomas are hereditary and most of these result from germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. In women of Ashkenazi Jewish ascendance, up to 30% of breast and ovarian carcinomas may be attributable to mutations in these genes, where 3 founder mutations, c.68_69del (185delAG) and c.5266dup (5382insC) in BRCA1 and c.5946del (6174delT) in BRCA2, are com...

The polynucleate myotubes of vertebrates and invertebrates form by fusion of myoblasts. We report the involvement of the Drosophila melanogaster Roughest (Rst) protein as a new membrane-spanning component in this process. Rst is strongly expressed in mesodermal tissues during embryogenesis, but rst null mutants display only subtle embryonic phenotypes. Evidence is presented that this is due to ...

Public corporations often appoint external former founders to their boards in hope that they will encourage a (re-)focus on creating future new business. Seeking investigate this common practice, we integrate upper echelons theory with imprinting theory, arguing founding company indeed represents formative experience leave an imprint and subsequent board decision-making. Subsequent experience, ...

Since its creation in 1936, the Wellcome Trust has carried out the wishes of its founder in the promotion ofresearch in medical science and in the history ofmedicine. Its achievements have been recently chronicled by A. R. Hall and B. A. Bembridge in a volume reviewed on pp. 473-475 below, and, more briefly, by Lord Franks in the following retrospect. It would be superfluous here to describe th...

he famous geneticist and co-founder of the modern theory of evolution, Theodosius Dobzhansky, published an article in this journal in 1973 with the title "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution" (Dobzhansky, 1973). In that article he responded to religious attacks on the theory and defended its importance by noting how evolution explains the enormous diversity of life, ...