Intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) plays an important role in the regulation of growth cone (GC) motility; however, the mechanisms responsible for clearing Ca2+ from GCs have not been examined. We studied the Ca2+-clearance mechanisms in GCs produced by crayfish tonic and phasic motor axons by measuring the decay of [Ca2+]i after a high [K+] depolarizing pulse using fura-2AM. Tonic...

29 The Noda epileptic rat (NER), a Wistar colony mutant, spontaneously has tonic– 30 clonic convulsions with paroxysmal discharges. In the present study, we measured 31 phasic (I phasic) and tonic γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA A) current (I tonic) in NER 32 hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGCs) and compared the results with 33 those of normal parent strain Wistar rats (WIS).

The study was done to find out the effect of Liraglutide on formalin induced tonic pain in obese rabbits. Rabbits were made obese by giving HFD (High fat diet) for 10 weeks. Tonic pain was induced with 5% formalin and it was observed that obese rabbits showed a significantly lesser pain score as compared to normal rabbits. Liraglutide (7μg/kg s.c.) was then given to both the group of rabbits fo...

In the hippocampus, two distinct forms of GABAergic inhibition have been identified, phasic inhibitory postsynaptic currents that are the consequence of the vesicular release of GABA and a tonic conductance that is activated by low ambient concentrations of extracellular GABA. It is not known what accounts for the distinct properties of receptors that mediate the phasic and tonic inhibitory con...

25 Pairing tactile stimulation of whiskers with a tail shock is known to result in expansion 26 of cortical representation of stimulated vibrissae and in the increase in synaptic GABAergic 27 transmission. However, the impact of such sensory learning in classical conditioning 28 paradigm on GABAergic tonic currents has not been addressed. To this end we have 29 performed whole-cell patch-clamp ...

GABAergic inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS) can occur via rapid, transient postsynaptic currents and via a tonic increase in membrane conductance, mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) respectively. Retinal bipolar cells (BCs) exhibit a tonic current mediated by GABA(C)Rs in their axon terminal, in addition to synaptic GABA(A)R and GABA(C)R currents, ...

GABAergic inhibition in the amygdala is essential in regulating fear and anxiety. Although fast "phasic" inhibition arising through the activation of postsynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) has been well described in the amygdala, much less is known about extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs mediating persistent or tonic inhibition and regulating neuronal excitability. Here, we recorded tonic currents in...

The tonic is a fundamental concept in Indian classical music since it constitutes the base pitch from which a lead performer constructs the melodies, and accompanying instruments use it for tuning. This makes tonic identification an essential first step for most automatic analyses of Indian classical music, such as intonation and melodic analysis, and raga recognition. In this paper we address ...

In this study we investigated the ability of sensory input to produce tonic responses in hindlimb muscles to facilitate standing in adult spinal rats and tested two hypotheses: 1) whether the spinal neural networks below a complete spinal cord transection can produce tonic reactions by activating different sensory inputs and 2) whether facilitation of tonic and rhythmic responses via activation...

Central sensitization caused by prolonged nociceptive input from muscles is considered to play an important role for chronification of tension-type headache. In the present study we used a new high-density EEG brain mapping technique to investigate spatiotemporal aspects of brain activity in response to muscle pain in 19 patients with chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) and 19 healthy, age- an...