OBJECTIVE To measure HIV prevalence and characterize associated risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDU) upon detention in Tehran, Iran. METHODS A cross-sectional survey included 459 male IDU arrested by police during a police sweep in Tehran in 2006. A questionnaire was completed, and blood was collected for HIV testing. RESULTS Overall HIV prevalence was 24.4% (95% confidence inter...

This study aimed to develop indicators for evaluating the implementation of The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in Iran. We used the "grounded theory" framework. Totally, 265 policy-makers, stakeholders, and community members were recruited by purposeful sampling in 2008. After analyzing the gathered data, 251 indicators, including 82 indicators as "applied indicators", were deri...

In this paper we propose a conditional logic IBC to represent iterated belief revision. We define an iterated belief revision system by strengthening the postulates proposed by Darwiche and Pearl [3]. First, following the line of Darwiche and Pearl, we modify AGM postulates to make belief revision a function of epistemic states rather than of belief sets. Then we propose a set of postulates for...

Spittlebugs are among the main insect pests of forage grasses in Brazil. In February 2021, a spittlebug infestation was verified Xaraés palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés) municipality Senador Guiomard, Acre state, The specimens were captured with an entomological sweep net and identified as Notozulia entreriana (Berg) Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae). is freq...

The goal of this investigation is to study the effect of wing sweep angle on the horizontal wing-body- tail configurations in subsonic flow. For this purpose, a series of wind tunnel tests were conducted on a model having a moveable horizontal tail and a wing planform with different sweep angles. Tests were performed at different tail deflection angles. Static surface pressure distribution over...

We investigated the effect of mulch on N cycling in a hardwood plantation of subtropical Australia by examining monthly in situ net N mineralization for 12 months and natural N abundance (δN) of soil and plants. Monthly net N mineralization ranged from –23.0 μg g soil (net immobilization) to 52.6 μg g soil across 12 sampling months and across both mulch and nonmulch treatments. There was a sign...

INTRODUCTION The Healthcare Reform Plan is counted as a plan for improving healthcare services in Iran. Undoubtedly pros and cons can be seen either in plan or implementation. This study was conducted to describe nurses' challenges in implementing healthcare reform in Iran. METHODS A qualitative method centered upon conventional content analysis was applied. We used purposive sampling and dat...