Unfortunately, informal payments for health care are responsible for a considerable share of patients' out-of-pocket payments in Iran (1, 2). Almost all health care users and providers are familiar with such payments with the name of “under the table payments” in Iran (3). About half of Iranian health care seekers have faced with such payments at least one time during a year (2). Although the i...

background: caring is a valuable task. the staff in any profession that involves patients’ fear, anxiety, pain, and suffering may experience similar feelings. as a professional group, oncology nurses deal with patients and their relatives and caregivers under very stressful conditions. they encounter pain, suffering, and death as a part of their daily life. a number of studies have evaluated th...

Aim and objective: To describe people’s experiences of living with dementia in Iran. Background: A knowledge gap exists regarding the experiences of living with dementia in non-Western contexts. This gap may be especially apparent within the Iranian context, where dementia research is relatively new. Deeper understanding about context related experiences of dementia is a prerequisite for nurses...

The Atlantic hurricanes of 1999 caused widespread environmental damage throughout the Caribbean and US mid-Atlantic coastal regions. However, these storms also proved beneficial to certain microbial habitats; specifically, cyanobacteria-dominated mats. Modern mats represent the oldest known biological communities on earth, stromatolites. Contemporary mats are dominant biological communities in ...

Particulate matters have detrimental effects on human health, environment and economic. This pollutant may emit from anthropogenic or natural sources. On global scale, main proportion of natural particulate matter release to the atmosphere because of wind erosion from arid and semi-arid regions. Recently, the amount of dust coming from Arabian countries has dramatically increased, especially du...

[1] Intercomparison of thermal infrared data collected by Mariner 9, Viking, and Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) is presented with a specific focus on air temperatures, dust opacities, and water ice opacities. Emphasis is placed on creating a uniform data set to most effectively reduce interinstrument biases and offsets. The annual cycle consistently shows a strong asymmetry about the equinoxes, wit...

Russian Language and Literature in the Modern World: Problems Prospects , 3d International Forum of Iranian Association (IARLL) took place Tehran on February, 25-26, 2023. It was timed to 10th anniversary foundation Association, as well Year Language. Despite difficult international situation, philologists from Iran, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Georgia, Ukraine, China, Bul...