where Q*i is the cross section per atom for ionization of the selected subshell of the i element, taking into account both direct ionization by the electrons of energy E and the effect of indirect ionizations at that subshell caused by the Coster-Kronig transitions. N, ρ, t and N are Avogadro's number, the density and thickness of a very thin tracer layer made of the i element and the number of...

In vivo dosimetry is important during radiotherapy to ensure the accuracy of the dose delivered to the treatment volume. A dosimeter should be characterized based on its application before it is used for in vivo dosimetry. In this study, we characterize a new MOSFET-based detector, the MOSkin detector, on surface for in vivo skin dosimetry. The advantages of the MOSkin detector are its water eq...

We present an ab initio study of the nonsequential strong-field ionization dynamics a model two-electron atom with helium character. Single- and double-ionization events are characterized displayed using detector signals extracted at different points in two-dimensional space. The double photoelectron momentum distribution is calculated via coherent path-summation over virtual particle trajector...

To calculate the intensity of x-ray emission in electron beam microanalysis requires a knowledge of the energy distribution of the electrons in the solid, the energy variation of the ionization cross section of the relevant subshell, the fraction of ionizations events producing x rays of interest and the absorption coefficient of the x rays on the path to the detector. The theoretical predictio...

Dedicated ionization chamber was built and installed to measure the energy loss of very heavy nuclei at 2.7 MeV/u produced in fusion reactions in inverse kinematics (beam of Pb). After going through the ionization chamber, products of reactions on C, O targets are implanted in a Si detector. Their identification through their alpha decay chain is ambiguous when their half-life is short. After c...

background : the aims of this study were evaluation of exposed to xylenes in low concentration and compare urinary level of methyl hippuric acid in taxi drivers and petrol stations workers in west of iran. methods: this observation study was carried out on samples of the exposed men to xylenes in two occupational groups in hamadan city (west of iran) from march 2003 to march 2004. subjects incl...

Primary challenges for current and future precision neutrino experiments using liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) include understanding detector effects quantifying the associated systematic uncertainties. This paper presents a novel technique assessing propagating LArTPC detector-related The makes modifications to simulation waveforms based on parameterization of observed differen...

Abstract The EXO-200 experiment searched for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 136 Xe with a single-phase liquid xenon detector. It used an active mass 110 kg 80.6%-enriched in ultra-low background time projection chamber ionization and scintillation detection readout. This paper describes the design performance various support systems necessary detector operation, including cryogenics, handlin...