A novel analytical method, called Liquid Phase Ion Mobility Spectrometry (LiPIMS) was demonstrated, where aqueous phase analytes were ionized and introduced into non-aqueous liquids, transported by an external electric field from the point of generation to a collection electrode. Ions were produced from a unique liquid phase ionization process, called Electrodispersion Ionization. Spectra of an...

We present mixed gauge R-matrix Floquet calculations of multiphoton ionization of Li within a single active electron local model potential. The laser frequency ranges from 15 000 to 15 800 cm, and at least three photons are needed to ionize the electron in the 2s ground state. We found that the measured ionization rate as a function of photon frequency results from ionization processes in diffe...

The double 1s ionization of Si induced in collisions with protons and heavier ions (C, Ne) was studied by measuring the K X-ray emission of a solid Si target. In order to resolve the hypersatellite contributions in the spectra, high-resolution crystal diffractometry was employed yielding subelectronvolt energy resolution. Experimentally obtained hypersatellite yields were used to determine the ...

We study the wavelength scaling of high harmonic generation efficiency with visible driver wavelengths in the transition between the tunneling and the multiphoton ionization regimes where the Keldysh parameter is around unity. Our experiment shows a less dramatic wavelength scaling of efficiency than the conventional case for near- and mid-IR driver wavelengths, and it is well explained by a ge...

Physical properties of several well-known HerbigHaro jets are investigated using an improved version of the spectroscopic diagnostic technique originally developed by Bacciotti et al. (1995). The procedure allows one to derive in a model-independent way the hydrogen ionization fraction in regions of low excitation. The ionization fraction, the electron and gas density, and the average excitatio...

Common to all experiments in mass spectrometry is the creation of gas-phase ions. Electron impact (EI) ionization is a familiar method for creating ions from volatile gas-phase molecules (M). In EI ionization, fast-moving electrons remove an electron from the neutral molecule to create the odd-electron molecular ion M`Õ. Another common ionization method is chemical ionization (CI). Here, an ion...

Diffuse interstellar clouds show large abundances of H3 which can be maintained only by a high ionization rate of H2. Cosmic rays are the dominant ionization mechanism in this environment, so the large ionization rate implies a high cosmic-ray flux, and a large amount of energy residing in cosmic rays. In this paper we find that the standard propagated cosmic-ray spectrum predicts an ionization...