This article analyses the relationship between government spending and the distribution of private income between capital and labour. While most previous research assumes that government spending redistributes in favour of the less wealthy, I distinguish between types of expenditures that enhance the bargaining position of labour - that is, unemployment benefits, public sector employment and in...

Temperatures worldwide continue to climb, while carbon emissions have exceeded previous records. To achieve environmental sustainability, countries with the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement (COP26) demonstrate sophisticated technical expertise deploy environmentally driven technologies, such as greenfield investment renewable energy infrastructure. This proposal presents an intriguing opportu...

This paper analyzes the effects of socio-economic factors on life expectancy. Using multiple regression analysis, the paper shows that there is a positive strong correlation between life expectancy as an independent variable and per capita income, health expenditures, literacy rate and daily calorie intake. Also, it shows that there is a negative strong correlation between life expectancy and n...

BACKGROUND Over the last decade, total healthcare expenditures, comprised of both public and private healthcare expenditures, have increased in most East African countries. At the same time, health outcomes such as infant mortality rates, life expectancy at birth and other health outcome indicators have improved. OBJECTIVES This paper examines the association between healthcare expenditures a...

Our paper is a …rst attempt to evaluate the long run impact of reference pricing on pharmaceutical innovation, health and expenditures. The model is based on a dynamic game involving three types of agents: pharmaceutical …rms, consumers and a regulatory entity. Pharmaceutical …rms choose the level of research investment and its innovative content, then negotiate introductory prices for new drug...

This study investigates the firm level determinants of profitability of Indian drug and pharmaceutical industry. The study uses inflation adjusted panel data for a period 2000-2013 and applies OLS regression model with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors. It has been found that export intensity, A&M intensity, firm’s market power and stronger patent regime dummy have exercised positive influence on ...

We examine the relationship between a child’s gender and family expenditure using data from the Polish Household Budget Survey. Having a firstborn daughter as compared with a first-born son increases the level of household expenditures on child and adult female clothing, and it reduces spending on games, toys and hobbies. This could be a reflection of a pure gender bias on behalf of the parents...

In the context of indoor building temperature regulation, a controller calculates the inputs for the HVAC system that result in appropriate thermal comfort conditions. Additionally, if electricity prices are time dependent, these control actions will also impact economic expenditures. To improve economic performance, Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is typically used in conjunction with HVAC to tim...

Student achievement has been identified as an important contributor to economic growth. This paper investigates the hypothesis that redistributive government activities have a negative effect on investment in human capital using data from international comparative student achievement tests in Mathematics and Science for over 70 countries during the period 1980 to 2003. In fixed effects models, ...

We introduce endogenous directed technical change into numerical integrated climate and development policy assessment. We distinguish expenditures on innovation (R&D) and imitation (international technology spillovers) and consider the role of capital investment in creating and implementing new technologies. Our main contribution is to calibrate and numerically solve the model and to examine th...