Intranasal delivery of vaccines provides an attractive alternative to parenteral delivery, but it requires appropriate mucosal adjuvants. Cholera toxin (CT) is a powerful mucosal adjuvant, but it can undergo retrograde transport to the brain via the olfactory system after intranasal delivery. We demonstrate that intranasal delivery of CT increases the expression of interleukin-1 beta , cyclooxy...

Introduction In this study we are comparing two different doses 1μg/kg and 2 μg/kg of intranasal dexmedetomidine for sedative efficacy and analgesia as a premedication in children (6-12 years of age). This prospective, randomized study is designed to evaluate efficacy of 2 different doses of intranasal dexmedetomidine as a premedication in children. To assess the patient preoperatively and its ...

purpose: to compare the effects of short-tem and long-term systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of confirmed ocular toxoplasmosis. methods: this randomized comparative clinical trial was performed on 69 patients with confirmed active ocular toxoplasmosis with typical clinical manifestations. the subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 10 days (group a, 33 cases) or 4-6 weeks (gro...

BACKGROUND Inflammation plays an important role in the development of atherosclerotic disease. Oral post-menopausal hormone therapy increases serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. This study compared the effects of intranasal and oral administration of 17beta-estradiol (E2) combined with norethisterone acetate (NETA) on markers of inflammation in healthy post-menopausal women. METHODS Ninety...

Background. Intranasal steroid provides an efficient nonsurgical alternative to adenoidectomy for theimprovement of adenoid nasal obstruction. Objective. To demonstrate the role of intranasal steroid in the prevention of adenoid regrowth after adenoidectomy. Methods. Prospective randomized controlled study. Two hundred children after adenoidectomy were divided into 2 groups. Group I received po...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal lorazepam in comparison to currently established administration routes. Eleven healthy volunteers completed this randomized crossover study. On three occasions, each separated by a 1-week washout, subjects received a 2 mg dose of lorazepam via the intranasal, intravenous, or intramuscular route. Blood samples we...

Intranasal corticosteroids have become a gold standard in therapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. A direct relationship between topical and systemic corticosteroids and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) has been recognized for more than 50 years. However, this steroid-induced response is highly variable. Glaucoma is an eye disease caused by an increase in IOP and results in optic nerve cell...