In many practical situations, we only know the upper bound ∆ on the measurement error: |∆x| ≤ ∆. In other words, we only know that the measurement error is located on the interval [−∆,∆]. The traditional approach is to assume that ∆x is uniformly distributed on [−∆,∆]. In some situations, however, this approach underestimates the error of indirect measurements. It is therefore desirable to dire...

Jitter is a variation in a waveform’s timing. The timing variation of the period, duty cycle, frequency, etc. can be measured and compared to an average of multiple periods, or can be measured as a variation from one period to the next. A jitter measurement result will typically consist of a count of the number of periods evaluated over the selected time interval, a measurement of the highest v...

The development of different forms of measurement models for impedance has allowed examination of key assumptions on which the use of such models to assess error structure are based. The stochastic error structures obtained using the transfer-function and Voigt measurement models were identical, even when non-stationary phenomena caused some of the data to be inconsistent with the Kramers–Kroni...

BACKGROUND Hallux valgus deformity is a common musculoskeletal foot disorder with a prevalence of 3.5% in adolescents to 35.7% in adults aged over 65 years. Radiographic measurements of hallux valgus angles (HVA) are considered to be the most reproducible and accurate assessment of HVA. However, in European countries, many podiatrists do not have direct access to radiographic facilities. Theref...

Timing plays a crucial role in sensorimotor function. However, the neural mechanisms that enable the brain to flexibly measure and reproduce time intervals are not known. We recorded neural activity in parietal cortex of monkeys in a time reproduction task. Monkeys were trained to measure and immediately afterward reproduce different sample intervals. While measuring an interval, neural respons...

BACKGROUND Accurate measurement of the QT interval is very important from a clinical and pharmaceutical drug safety screening perspective. Expert manual measurement is both imprecise and imperfectly reproducible, yet it is used as the reference standard to assess the accuracy of current automatic computer algorithms, which thus produce reproducible but incorrect measurements of the QT interval....

This paper presents a novel approach for cancer treatment using the event-triggered impulse control approach. The proposed primarily focuses on adjusting interval of chemotherapy regimen, followed by implementing state feedback to administer flexible dosage based last measurement patient during each interval. In this way, less total dose and shorter tumor eradicated time are achieved as compare...