The lack of such an important skill as functional literacy becomes a serious obstacle to personal growth and participation in society. While increasing the level has beneficial effect on individual’s capabilities, his political activity, cultural development, social activity economic opportunities. individual whole contributes active promotion Kazakhstan’s educational policy focused integration...

Studying the evolution of climatic niches through time in a phylogenetic 12 comparative framework combines species distribution modeling with phylogenies. 13 Phylogenetic comparative studies aid the understanding of the evolution of species’ 14 environmental preferences by revealing the underlying evolutionary processes and causes, 15 detecting the differences among groups of species or relativ...

Welfare states are important determinants of health. Comparative social epidemiology has almost invariably concluded that population health is enhanced by the relatively generous and universal welfare provision of the Scandinavian countries. However, most international studies of socioeconomic inequalities in health have thrown up something of a public health 'puzzle' as the Scandinavian welfar...

BACKGROUND Longitudinal micro-level data about international migration behavior are notoriously difficult to collect, but data collection efforts have become more frequent in recent years. Comparative research of the patterns and processes of international migration, however, remains quite rare, especially that which compares across regions. OBJECTIVE We highlight the promises and difficultie...

Why do groups want to secede and where is demand for self-determination most likely to arise? We argue self-determination demand is moderated by the projected economic costs of policy autonomy. The trade-off between income and sovereignty implies that, other things being equal, richer regions are more likely to demand more autonomy. This trade-off suggests that relative regional income is a key...

The respiration of Chlorella is diminished by exposure to hypertonic salt solutions. After a short exposure there is complete recovery when the algae are removed to the normal medium. After a longer exposure recovery may be incomplete, as shown by the fact that the rate of respiration fails to rise to the normal level. Staining with methylene blue indicates that few, if any, of the cells are ki...

1. In the presence of 0.05 per cent dextrose the respiration of Aspergillus niger is increased by NaCl in concentrations of 0.25 to 0.5M, and by 0.5M CaCl(2). 2. Stronger concentrations, as 2M NaCl and 1.25M CaCl(2), decrease the respiration. The decrease in the higher concentrations is probably an osmotic effect of these salts. 3. A mixture of 19 cc. of NaCl and 1 cc. of CaCl(2) (both 0.5M) sh...

Maximum satissability (MAX-SAT) is an extension of satissability (SAT), in which a partial solution is sought that satisses the maximum number of clauses in a logical formula. Enumerative methods giving guaranteed optimal solutions can be derived from traditional search algorithms used to solve SAT problems, in particular the Davis-Putnam procedure. Algorithms have also been developed for the m...