OBJECTIVE Fetal exposure to maternal prenatal stress hormones such as cortisol exerts influences on the developing nervous system that persist and include risk for internalizing symptoms later in life. Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (pCRH) is a feto-placental stress signal that also shapes fetal neurodevelopment and may be a more direct indicator of the fetal experience than maternal...

BACKGROUND Previous studies have found significant associations between maternal prenatal and postpartum depression and child behavior problems (CBP). The present study investigates whether associations remain in a prospective, longitudinal design adjusted for familial confounding. METHODS The sample comprised 11,599 families including 17,830 siblings from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohor...

A number of studies have found that broadband internalizing and externalizing factors provide a parsimonious framework for understanding the structure of psychopathology across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. However, few of these studies have examined psychopathology in young children, and several recent studies have found support for alternative models, including a bi-factor model with...

Prior research has documented negative, concurrent relations between internalizing symptomatology and academic achievement among adolescents. The present study provided the first rigorous, longitudinal examination of the bi-directional, prospective relations between adolescent internalizing symptomatology and academic achievement. One hundred and thirty adolescents reported depression and anxie...

We present a dynamic agency model in which changes in the structure of a firm affect its value due to altered incentives. There may be disadvantages in merging two firms even when such a merger allows the internalization of externalities between the two firms. Merging, by making unprofitable certain decisions, increases the cost of inducing managers to exert effort. ∗Mailath and Postlewaite gra...

Background: This longitudinal study compares the relationship between internalizing and externalizing problems in Moroccan immigrant and native Dutch adolescents over a period of four years. Method: By using generalized estimating equations (GEE) the strength and stability of associations between internalizing and externalizing problems in 159 Moroccan and 159 Dutch adolescents was studied. Res...

Internalization is a process of appreciating and cultivating teaching value so that it can become reference in knowledge to be able influence daily life. The focus this research (1) Forms internalization moderate Islamic values ​​in the Al-Fattah boarding school. (2) internalizing ​​at (3) Implications This uses qualitative approach with multi-case study type. Collecting data using interviews, ...

OBJECTIVES To determine if there is a relationship between overweight and behavior problems among children as young as 5 years old by studying the association between overweight and behavioral health at entry into kindergarten and to determine whether overweight status is a risk factor for the onset of new behavior problems during the first 2 years in school. DESIGN We use data from a nationa...

BACKGROUND Previous theory and research suggest links between substance use and externalizing behavior problems, but links between substance use and internalizing problems are less clear. The present study sought to understand concurrent links among diagnoses of substance use disorders, internalizing disorders, and behavior disorders at age 18 as well as developmental trajectories of illicit su...

INTRODUCTION Our goal was to evaluate the impact of depressed mothers' marital intimacy and attachment security in romantic relationships on children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. METHOD Forty-six clinically depressed mothers rated attachment security, marital intimacy, and symptoms shown by their children aged 8 to 12. RESULTS Maternal avoidance of closeness predicted increas...