The Mind-Body problem is the problem of saying how a person’s mental states and events relate to his bodily ones. How does Oscar’s believing that water is cold relate to the states of his body? Is it itself a bodily state, perhaps a state of his brain or nervous system? If not, does it nonetheless depend on such states? Or is his believing that water is cold independent of his bodily states? An...

According to some prominent theorists, the conditions of deliberative democracy call for reasoned decisions from mutually justifi able premises. Th e deliberative ideal places demands on the epistemic quality of the deliberating process and on the epistemic habits and beliefs of the relevant agents. In this essay, I discuss this ideal in light of empirical literature. I examine some empirical l...

This paper offers a simple and novel motivation for the Humean Theory of Reasons. According to the Humean Theory of Reasons, all reasons must be explained by some psychological state of the agent for whom they are reasons, such as a desire. This view is commonly thought1 to be motivated by a substantive theory about the power of reasons to motivate known as reason internalism, and a substantive...

Science studies are an increasingly prominent interdisciplinary body of work. Now a diverse literature, one of its most consistent and common themes is a reluctance to accept the standard model of scientific explanation (‘internalism’) that conceives scientific knowledge, and the disciplines with which it is associated, as the product of a rationality that is progressively realized over time. I...

Science studies are an increasingly prominent interdisciplinary body of work. Now a diverse literature, one of its most consistent and common themes is a reluctance to accept the standard model of scientific explanation (‘internalism’) that conceives scientific knowledge, and the disciplines with which it is associated, as the product of a rationality that is progressively realized over time. I...

Within the framework of historical epistemology (G. Canguilhem, M. Foucault, L. Loison) key concepts a scientific discipline are considered as historically and culturally contingtent, that is, predetermined by outside factors rather than internal logic development science. A fundamental attempt to demonstrate contingency concept “genetic information” was made in 2000 Lily Kay, who argues there ...

the book, the divine guide in early shi'ism, by dr. mohammad ali amir mo'ezzi is one important work in the study of shiism in the west. employing the method of phenomenology, amir mo'ezzi is concerned with the essence of imamiah shiism by appeal to the early and original works of imamiah (in particular, hadith collections). in his view, the essence of shiism is the theory of imam...

The “colored-brain thesis”, or strong qualitative physicalism, is discussed from historical and philosophical perspectives. This thesis was proposed by Thomas Case (1888), in a non-materialistic context, close to views explored H. Price (1932) E. Boring (1933). Using Mary’s room thought experiment, one can argue that physicalism implies physicalism. Qualitative involves three basic statements: ...

Several years ago, Jerry Fodor (1984) argued that the modularity of the perceptual systems was good news for epistemology. In particular, on the assumption that perceptual systems are modular in his (1983) sense of the term, they are informationally encapsulated, which means that their operation is not sensitive to the beliefs, desires, and such of the larger organism. This would allay worries ...

The Epistemic Role of Consciousness (Smithies 2019) develops a theory epistemic justification that gives fundamental role to phenomenal consciousness. book works from the bottom up build this epistemological foundational assumptions in philosophy mind. This précis reverses order presentation: it top down put motivations for foreground. aims advance debate between internalism and externalism epi...