Endosymbiotic theory states that mitochondria originated as bacterial intracellular symbionts, the size of the mitochondrial genome gradually reducing over a long period owing to, among other things, gene transfer from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Such gene transfer was observed in more genes in animals than in plants, implying a higher transfer rate of animals. The evolution of gene transf...

introduction: we investigated the characteristic of a suitable irradiation on skin's tensional strength using design of experiments (doe). the experiments in this research are designed in two phases and data envelopment analysis (dea) is used for performance measurement of each phase. material and methods: samples were provided from pleura as surface tissue made of collagen and elastin fib...

A key prediction made by theories of density-dependent competition is that resource overlap should increase the intensity of competition. By extension, we can predict that competition should lead to density-dependent natural selection. I studied natural selection on limb length and body size in a total of seven populations of Anolis sagrei over 3 years in the Bahamas. Experimental manipulations...

This study proposes an emission-intensity-based emission tax as a policy solution for negative environmental externality in oligopoly markets. Emissions are taxed when firms' intensities exceed their target level. We show that even under imperfect competition, this pricing leads to the first-best outcome. The optimal rate is equal Pigovian tax. principle can also apply tradable permits traded b...

Several continuous-time tree-grass competition models have been developed to study conditions of long-lasting coexistence of trees and grass in savanna ecosystems according to environmental parameters such as climate or fire regime. In those models, fire intensity is a fixed parameter while the relationship between woody plant size and fire-sensitivity is not systematically considered. In this ...