A common way to solve intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) optimization problems is to use a beamlet-based approach. The approach is usually employed in a three-step manner: first a beamlet-weight optimization problem is solved, then the fluence profiles are converted into step-and-shoot segments, and finally postoptimization of the segment weights is performed. A drawback of beamlet-ba...

In inverse planning for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), the dose specification and related weighting factor of an objective function for involved organs is usually predefined by a single value and then iteratively optimized, subject to a set of dose-volume constraints. Because the actual dose distribution is essentially non-uniform and considerably affected by the geometric shape ...

The different behaviour of first order interferences and second order correlations are investigated for the case of two coherently excited atoms. For intensity measurements this problem is equivalent to Young’s double slit experiment and was investigated in an experiment by Eichmann et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2359 (1993)] and later analyzed in detail by Itano et al. [Phys. Rev. A 57, 4176 (19...

Observing the weakness in the previous structural analyses on EKC formation, in this paper, author deepens the analysis into the detailed data of production and SO2 emission intensity of China’s 29 industrial sectors (occupying over 98% of the total industrial production) in each province during 1991-2001. With the aid of Divisia Index Decomposition method, the variation of the provincial-level...

In nonlinear optics we are frequently measuring the functional dependence of a physical parameter on light intensity. This immediately presents a problem, since by their nature real optical beams have a varying transverse intensity profile. Any nonlinear measurement will inherently be different at the center of the beam than it is at the edges. A spatially integrated whole-beam measurement must...

A liquid crystal network whose chromophores are functionalized by photochromic dye exhibits light-induced mechanical behaviour. As a result, the micro-scaled thermotropic traits of the network and the macroscopic phase behaviour are both influenced as light alternates the shape of the dyes. In this paper, we present an analysis of this photomechanical behaviour based on the proposed multiscale ...

When orientation is attained under the influence of beams of parallel light opposed at 180 degrees the deflection theta from a path at right angles to the beams is given by tan See PDF for Equation, where I(1) and I(2) are the photic intensities and H is the average angle between the photoreceptive surfaces. This expression is independent of the units in which I is measured, and holds whether t...

In this study, based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework, we empirically examine the effects of trade openness and the level of economic development on pollution emission across the Chinese provinces. Our regression analysis shows that increasing trade openness contributes to higher pollution emission, where the effect of the former may be realized through its impacts on total fa...