Although several methods for estimating the resistance of a random Boolean function against (fast) algebraic attacks were proposed, these methods are usually infeasible in practice for relative large input variables n (for instance n ≥ 30) due to increased computational complexity. An efficient estimation the resistance of Boolean function (with relative large input variables n) against (fast) ...

The cryptographic hash function provides the services of information security, authentication, integrity, non-reputation in a branch of information secret. A cryptographic hash function has been developed since MD4 was proposed by Rivest. In present, U.S standard of a hash function is SHA-1 with 160 bits of output length. It is difficult to be sure of a security of a hash function with 160 bits...

35 36 Altering neuronal membrane properties, including input resistance, is a key 37 modulatory mechanism for changing neural activity patterns. The effect of membrane 38 currents generated by either synaptic or voltage-dependent channels directly depends on 39 neuron input resistance. We found that local application of serotonin to different regions of 40 identified motor neurons of the postur...

The maximum firing rates of motoneurons (MNs), activated in response to synaptic drive, appear to be much lower than that elicited by current injection. It could be that the decrease in input resistance associated with increased synaptic activity (but not current injection) might blunt overall changes in membrane depolarization and thereby limit spike-frequency output. To test this idea, we rec...

gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an abused substance that occurs naturally in the basal ganglia. Electrophysiological recordings of membrane voltage and current were made to characterize the effects of GHB on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat midbrain slice. Perfusate containing GHB caused a concentration-dependent membrane hyperpolarization (EC50 = 0.88 +/- 0.21 mM) a...

Altering neuronal membrane properties, including input resistance, is a key modulatory mechanism for changing neural activity patterns. The effect of membrane currents generated by either synaptic or voltage-dependent channels directly depends on neuron input resistance. We found that local application of serotonin to different regions of identified motoneurons (MNs) of the postural/walking net...

Neurons within cardiorespiratory regions of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) have been shown to be excited by local hypoxia. To determine the electrophysiological properties of these excitatory responses to hypoxia, we developed a primary dissociated cell culture system to examine the intrinsic response of RVLM neurons to hypoxia. Neonatal rat neurons plated on medullary astrocyte monol...

Modulatory influences on sympathetic nervous system activity are diverse and far reaching, acting at select points in the complex pathways controlling sympathetic outflow to enable subtle changes or more global effects. Changes in the degree of sympathetic neuromodulation can have serious consequences on homeostatic variables such as heart rate, blood pressure and gut motility. At the level of ...

The Japanese input method is a complex procedure involving preediting operations. An application that accepts Japanese from an input device must have three systems for the input method: a keybinding system, a manipulator for preediting, and a kana-to-kanji conversion system. Various keybinding systems and manipulators accelerate input operations. Our implementation separates an application from...

An in vitro preparation of the salamander olfactory epithelium has been developed for electrophysiological analysis. Intracellular measurements of membrane properties of the main epithelial cell types have been carried out, combined with Lucifer Yellow injections. The most prevalent type of cell had a high resting membrane potential and relatively low input resistance. This cell never discharge...