After the collapse of the Soviet Union sovereign Islamic states arose in the traditional Islamic regions of the USSR, although Islam was not declared to be an official or state religion in the constitutions of these states, since, as before, religion was separated from the state. These states were: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. With the exception o...

This paper analyzes whether the religious identity of political leaders in India influences policy-determined variation in health outcomes, both for citizens of their religious group and for the population as a whole. In order to analyze the causal effect of the religious identity of politicians, we take advantage of the fact that some Muslim politicians contested in close elections against non...

muslims nowadays need to be present on the international stage. this involves living together with non-muslims, especially the people of the book. this sort of life and interaction has different political, cultural, economic, and military aspects. the belief that non-muslims are impure (najes) causes hardship to the muslims; and is incompatible with human dignity, which is acknowledged by the q...

Objective The analysis in this paper represents the first step of a multi-phase effort to understand the disease burden, and to develop strategies for tackling the health problems of Islamic populations. In this starting phase of the analysis, an overview of the burden of disease for selected Islamic populations is presented. Criteria Used for Country Selection Countries included in the analysi...

Since the 9/11 bombings in New York, and the 7/7 bombings in London,Muslims’ integration in the UK has been under intense scrutiny. Muslimintegration, however, has long been a matter of debate in Britain, revolvingaround the maintenance of Muslims’ distinctive identity and practice. Forinstance, David Cameron (Cameron, 2011), Britain’s then Prime Minister,announced...

According to some researchers (Hopkins, 2004a; Hopkins & Smith, 2008), there is a perception among certain Muslims that anti-Muslim racism is higher in areas where there is a high density of Muslim residents, such as Glasgow. In contrast, other Muslims may feel that Islamophobia is higher in places with fewer numbers of Muslim residents. Through an investigation of Muslims’ experiences of Islam...

Introduction: The Kalash are the only non-Muslim ethnic group living in three small and beautiful valleys of district Chitral. They are the last tribe of the Kafirs of the Hindu Kush. The Kalash exhibit, perhaps, one of the ancient and unique primitive traditions and cultures. They are living with the Muslims in this region for a long period of time, and had been under Muslim rule most of this ...

the question of the purity or impurity of non-muslims has always attracted the attention of the islamic jurists. the importance of this question has been due to the fact that the social and political interactions between muslims and non-muslims were quite inevitable. the present article is concerned first to examine the notion of purity and impurity as viewed by the sunni and shiite jurists and...