Resting autoreactive T cells are present in the circulation of normal individuals without pathologic consequences. In autoimmune animal models, stimulation of these self-reactive T cells in the presence of costimulatory molecules B7-1 results in T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, whereas B7-2 stimulation generates regulatory autoreactive T cells that abrogate disease severity. Thus, reactivati...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the human central nervous system (CNS) of unknown etiology that causes demyelination and associated tissue injury. Trafficking of inflammatory T cells into the CNS is a crucial event in the pathogenesis of MS, a process in which chemokines and their receptors have been demonstrated to play an important role. Chemokines are key mediators of inf...

Abstract B cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) is a receptor that engages the cytokines BAFF and APRIL. BCMA known to play critical role in regulating proliferation, survival, differentiation into plasma cells. However, effect of on non-B cells has been understudied. We have previously shown regulates EAE, where −/−mice exacerbated disease compared +/+mice. The increased was associated with infiltra...

For decades, multiple sclerosis (MS) has been considered to be an autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), in which CNS self-antigen-specific T cells invade the brain and cause severe tissue destruction. In particular, immune cell presence in the perivascular spaces, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or in the brain parenchyma was almost always considered to be a sign o...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease in which acute inflammatory demyelination leads to axonal injury and neurodegeneration, and is manifested clinically by relapsing–remitting neurological deficits superimposed on chronic accumulation of disability. MS treatments are largely immunomodulatory with little, if any, effect on neurodegeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pl...

A very rare inflammatory disease of CNS, CLIPPERS syndrome, was recently described and only a few sporadic cases are reported in the medical literature. Its etiology pathogenesis unknown, that together with polymorphic sometimes confounding neurological manifestations, radiological findings represent real diagnostic therapeutic challenge for clinicians. Aim: To highlight importance clear specif...

Interleukin (IL)-16, a CD4+ immune cell specific chemoattractant cytokine, has been shown to be involved in the development of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory demyelinating disease central nervous system (CNS). While cells such as T and macrophages are reported producers IL-16, cellular source IL-16 CNS is less clear. This study investigates correlation expression levels with severity neuro...

CCAAT enhancer binding protein-delta (C/EBPδ) is a transcription factor that regulates inflammatory processes mediating bystander neuronal injury and CNS autoimmune inflammatory disease. The mechanism of the involvement of C/EBPδ in these processes remains to be determined. Here, we examined the cellular source(s) and mechanisms by which C/EBPδ may be involved in an animal model of multiple scl...

Multiple sclerosis is increasingly being recognized as a neurodegenerative disease that is triggered by inflammatory attack of the CNS. As yet there is no satisfactory treatment. Using experimental allergic encephalo myelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, we demonstrate that the cannabinoid system is neuroprotective during EAE. Mice deficient in the cannabinoid receptor CB1 tole...

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have both stimulatory and regulatory effects on T cells. pDCs are a major CNS-infiltrating dendritic cell population during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis but, unlike myeloid dendritic cells, have a minor role in T cell activation and epitope spreading. We show that depletion of pDCs during either the acute or relapse phases of experimental autoimm...